The Canadian Juvenile Justice System Essay - 1171 Words

Youth and juvenile crime is a common and serious issue in current society, and people, especially parents and educators, are pretty worried about the trend of this problem. According to Bala and Roberts, around 17% of criminals were youths, compared to 8% of Canadian population ranging between 12 to 18 years of age between 2003 and 2004 (2006, p37). As a big federal country, Canada has taken a series of actions since 1908. So far, there are three justice acts in the history of Canadian juvenile justice system, the 1908 Juvenile Delinquents Act, the 1982 Young Offenders Act, and the 2003 Youth Criminal Justice Act. In Canada, the judicial system and the principle of these laws have been debated for a long time. This paper will discuss how†¦show more content†¦7-15 year old (in some cases, a maximum of 17years) young people are confined under this Law. The courts, as the judicial role of parents, had to decide whether the young people should bear the consequences for their cri mes. If the judge found that the minors conduct had constituted a crime, then he could order him or her into the juvenile correctional homes until the relevant authorities agreed the criminal juvenile could be released. The law assumed the responsibility of the parents that they should determine the care of young people in terms of education and the linkages with their families (Sayson, 2006, p.6). The Juvenile Delinquents Act brought some positive impacts on many young people who went through the juvenile justice system. However, many flaws appeared in this Act after a period of time. Under the JDA, there were a number of differences in provincial prohibitions, variations in maximum age limits, and a wide range of financial commitment (Covell Howe, 1996, p.346). The juvenile offender under this law, which built a level of discretionary regime, had few rights with regards to the welfare. In addition, according to Makarenko, there was another limit of this act – the law did n ot charge against children by defining different circumstances, instead, it charged children with delinquency. The law offered judges with a great deal of rights in sentencing juvenile delinquents (2007, p.2). In 1984, the Juvenile Crime Act (YOA) replaced theShow MoreRelatedYouth Justice in Canada750 Words   |  3 PagesYouth Justice in Canada Juvenile or youth crime has become a controversial issue in the politics of Canada because of the huge disagreements regarding how the youths should be treated in the criminal system despite of the fact that youth crime in the country is lamentable. The controversy is mainly centered on the best and most suitable approach taken to handle the youth criminals and the severity of the punishment that should be given (Makarenko, 2007). In addition to generating concerns andRead MoreThe Youth Criminal Justice Act879 Words   |  4 Pagesâ€Å"I have always found that mercy bears richer fruits than strict justice† –Abraham Lincoln Why is it that gardeners spend so much time nurturing their precious flowers? Perhaps the answer lies in the satisfaction which is gained from raising beautiful blooms. In like manner, Canada’s government believes that their flourishing youth deserve care and support in their journey of learning morals. The Youth Criminal Justice Act is a system which enforces the punishment of teenagers from the ages of 12-17Read MoreHow Effective Is The Youth Justice System Essay1709 Words   |  7 PagesIntroduction How effective is the Youth Justice System in responding to youth crime? Since the arrival of the Youth Criminal Justice Act (YCJA) came into effect, the crime rates have decreased. Previously Canada had one of the highest youth incarceration rates in the western world. However since the Youth Criminal Justice Act got put into place in 2003, the crime rates have declined significantly. The Youth Justice System does their best to better and rehabilitate the adolescents that get intoRead MoreJuvenile Delinquency Act ( Jda ) And Young Offenders Act1260 Words   |  6 PagesJuvenile delinquents, individuals who are under 18 and have committed a crime, have been sentenced in a variety of procedures throughout the years. This may occur for various crimes such as theft, sexual assaults, etc. Youth Criminal Justice Act (YCJA), a part of Canadian Legislation, determines the process of prosecution for youths under the Canadian Criminal Justice system. This has assisted several young adults re integrate into society. It contains a set of definitive purposes and principles toRead MoreJuvenile Delinquency : Should Severity Of Punishment For Young Offenders Be The Same As Adults?1200 Words   |  5 PagesJuvenile Delinquency: Should Severity of Punishment for Young Offenders Be the Same as Adults? Throughout centuries of development, crime and social safety are still the biggest concerns for a country since it can influence the political, economic, and social aspects. With the evolution of human civilization, more than seventy percent of the world has been urbanized into developed countries. These countries contain advanced technologies, highly-comprehensive policies and economic system. Along withRead MoreFetal Alcohol Disorder Research Paper1227 Words   |  5 Pages(McLachlan et al., 2014). However, this condition is much more prevalent in individuals involved in various stages of the justice system, affecting between 10% and 23% (McLachlan et al., 2014). This paper aims to explain how FASD affects a juvenile’s brain development, their resulting behaviour, and their likelihood of entering and being taken advantage of by the criminal justice system. FASD results in permanent physical damage to a variety of critical structures in the brain during fetal developmentRead More Youth Criminal Justice Act (YCJA) Essay872 Words   |  4 Pagesin Canadian history would have to be about the Young Offenders Act (YOA). In 1982, Parliament passed the Young Offenders Act (YOA). Effective since 1984, the Young Offenders Act replaced the most recent version of the Juvenile Delinquents Act (JDA). The Young Offenders Act’s purpose was to shift from a social welfare approach to making youth take responsibility for their actions. It also addressed concerns that the paternalistic treatment of children under the JDA did not conform to Canadian humanRead MoreDiscretion Of The Criminal Justice System1509 Words   |  7 PagesDiscretion, undoubtedly plays a massive role and is implemented in various aspects of the system. But what is discretion? Discretion, as defined in Canadian Criminal Justice: A Primer, is merely the freedom to choose amon g different options when confronted with the need to make a decision. As significant part of the criminal justice system in Canada, being a police officers â€Å"involves the use of a significant amount of discretion† (McKillop Pfeifer, 2004) . Due to the portrayal of the police byRead MoreThe Crime Committed By The Three Boys1087 Words   |  5 PagesThe crime committed by the three boys; Lorenzo, Michael Sullivan, Tommy, and John were not an act of intentional crime. It was an impulsive adolescent joke that went wrong. Such behavior is expected from young teenage boys. The juvenile delinquency act is associated with a person who is under 19 and commits a crime and would be charged as if he/she were an adult. This act would have dealt with this situation according to different types of judgments. Depending on race, sex, and most of all if theRead MoreEssay on Circle Sentencing as Alternative Dispute Resolutions1235 Words   |  5 PagesResolutions While the restorative justice movement has risen in recent years, the idea of circle sentencing, or peacemaking circles has been practiced in indigenous cultures for quite some time. As we look at implementing traditional indigenous culture practices as alternative dispute resolutions, we need to realize the effectiveness and also whether we are ready to use them. The Yukon and other communities reintroduced circles in 1991 as a practice of the restorative justice movement (Bazemore, 1997,

Emotional Trauma Within The Family - 1568 Words

Nisha Parker Emotional Trauma within the Family Due Date 12/5/11 Emotional Trauma within the Family Parental substance abuse directly affects the emotional well-being of children within the family. It is estimated that one in four children in the United States are exposed to a family member’s alcohol abuse or dependence, and one in six children lives with a parent who has used illicit drugs in the past year (Journal of Child and Family Social Work). Children exposed to parental substance abuse are at an increased risk for various problems such as, emotional and behavioral disorders, poor developmental outcomes, physical abuse, sexual abuse, and neglect (Child Welfare League of America, 2001). Mental health professionals recognize two additional problems, which include emotional abuse and secondary abuse that occurs when a child witnesses abusive behavior between the parents. Exposure to abuse can be particularly traumatic for children aged 5 years and less due to lack of coping skills and the increased vulnerability in terms of physical and emotional development (The Journal of Child and Family Social Work). Inconsistent, unresponsive, and ineffective parenting can also be regarded as constituting emotional abuse. Although physical contact does not normally occur in emotional maltreatment, there can be several significant physical and medical outcomes which adversely affect the child’s development. Children who are victims of emotional abuse are likely toShow MoreRelatedThe Damages Caused by Canadian Residential Schools for Indigenous Children in the 19th Century1618 Words   |  7 Pagesresponsible for providing compulsory education to Indigenous children within governmentally constructed schools. They were charged with assimilating these children into mainstream culture and convert them into members of â€Å"civilized society†. The resulting actions on part of the Canadian government and acting missionaries have caused detrimental psychological and emotional trauma to survivors of these residential schools; trauma that has crossed intergenerational boundaries since the induction of theRead MoreMy Passion For The Field Of Psychology1091 Words   |  5 Pagessister lashed out at my mother and headed upstairs. That family incident which fortunately turned out to be the military training at the base near our home, turned my curiosity into passion for the field of psychology. Knowing what I know now based on the knowledge I acquired as an undergraduate student, I understand that the gunshots that night triggered a negative emotional response from my family. This response was based on the trauma we all experienced during the 2003 Liberian civil war. TryingRead MoreThe Protection and Welfare of Children1271 Words   |  5 Pagesprotection of children. All too often, various factors in families create a lack of safety and well-being for children. For this reason, entities such as the Mission of the Massachusetts Department of Children and Families exist to create safety, permanency, and well being for children, especially after they have suffered from trauma incidents within the family. New child welfare practices included in the Department are child-driven, family centered, community focused, strengths-based, committedRead MoreThe Ethics Of The Counseling Profession1371 Words   |  6 Pagesstrategies that involves goal-setting skills that is meaningful to an individual. Individuals who may seek counseling are individuals who encountered marriage and family issues, stressful or traumatic events and drug and substance abuse. In this research assignment, I will discuss events the effects of traumatic events, addictions, family therapy theories, and optimal health and wellness. Crisis and Traumatic Events in life At some point, everyone had encountered a crisis or traumatic event in theirRead MoreTypes And Types Of Maltreatment1360 Words   |  6 Pagesmaltreatments that have been identified are, emotional abuse, sexual abuse and domestic violence. Briggs and Hawkins (1997, p. 22) justify that emotional abuse is one of the hardest forms of abuse to define, prove and that it is least reported. In Noah’s disclosure he informs us that Joe, his mums new boyfriend, is mean to her and hits and pushes her. Outlined in DEECED DHS witnessing this family violence that is taking place is an indicator of emotional abuse (DEECD DHS protocol 2010, appendixRead MoreJudith Lewis Hermans Trauma and Recovery1061 Words   |  4 PagesJudith Lewis Herman’s Trauma and Recovery provides not only greater understanding of how a traumatic event may defined but also the ways in which the effects of the experience may have a significantly repressing effect on the present and future self. Traumatic events are impressing on the self because they overwhelm the conventional emotional and physical perceptions that humanity has adjusted and modified their selves to. As traumatic events generally involve threats to the emotional and physical selfRead MoreThe Psychological Association Of Night By Elie Wiesel1285 Words   |  6 Pages2016). However, one cannot help but wonder what happened to the children who did survive. Elie Wiesel was one of those children who was ‘lucky’ enough to survive. However his ‘luck’ came at a severe price. Elie Wiesel suffers both severe emotional and physical trauma in his novel, Night. Night tells the story of a young boy, Eliezer Wiesel, and his struggles to survive during the Holocaust. Becoming a victim of various Nazi German concentration camps at the young age of fifteen, Elie finds himselfRead MoreSylvia And Deborah Case Study1187 Words   |  5 Pagespartner Judy and her deceased parents caused trauma and grief within her. Because of the trauma that happened to Judy, Sylvia has decreased cortisol concentrations found in the urine or blood compared to healthy controls (Sherin Nemeroff, 2011, p. 266). In addition, having lowered cortisol levels affects the quality of life within the person. These differences in neurological structures of the brain cause the severity and timing of the psychological trauma, personality, and genetic makeup of the personRead MoreThe Importance Of Expression And Emotion, Emotion And Fear1640 Words   |  7 Pagestherapists by highlighting the psychological bonds that confine an individual or couple. By highlighting the bonds, th ey can be explored through a conceptual framework such as; an attachment lens or and emotional lens, to determine the impact on the system and individual. The genogram reflects the family of origin and can illuminate a pattern of connectivity (Magnuson Shaw, 2003). While this exploration is beneficial, a deeper knowledge or clarification can be obtained if several focused genogramsRead MorePsychology : A Human s Mind1399 Words   |  6 Pageslikes ripples, each experience can be solitary or continue to amplify through social-emotional interactions, unless somebody or something is able to calm the disturbance. Having received my masters in applied psychology, my desire to obtain a Ph.D. in counseling psychology is motivated by a desire to build on my existing academic framework of psychological concepts to explore the link between behavior and trauma in order to better serve the communities that I work with: Adolescents. The understanding

Positive Approach in Accounting Context Free Samples for Students

Question: Discuss about the Half a defence of Positive Accounting Research. Answer: Introduction The current work focuses on logical investigation of particular article that is titled as Half a defence of Positive Accounting Research on paper by the author Paul V Dunmore. This study basically takes into account positive accounting extensively as an investigation program and this sequentially aims to inspect the cause and effect relation in behaviour of human beings especially from the perspective of accounting context. Principally, this study also deals with principles of both ontology along with epistemology of research. Moving further, this study reflects an introductory unit that reveals the contextual aspects of positive accounting approach in research particularly in accounting, different scientific research programs, alongside instances of positive research in definite field of accounting. Subsequently, this research piece also sheds light on different theories as well as notions of scientific ontology together with epistemology. Consequently, this study also focuses on fa lsification along with implication of hypothesis examination. Other than this, this study also concentrates on different necessities of an efficacious positive research task and studies the reasons behind the specific manners of research, subsequently presents a decisive announcement accompanied by suggestions for enhancement (Beatty and Liao 2014). In essence, the present study concisely presents a summarised view of the given article to deliver an overview of the entire article, ascertains specific research questions derived from the purposes of the current study. In addition to this, this section also demonstrates theoretic argument of the present study on positive accounting research program and demonstrates the importance and limits of this study. Succinct Summary of the present article The specified article fundamentally examines the positive approach in accounting context and explicates illustratively different notions of positive accounting on a definite research project. Nonetheless, this sequentially aids the procedure of institution of cause and effect relations in behaviour of human beings examined from the perspective of accounting field. Subsequently, the particular article remarks about the scientific research projects in specific subjects such as economics alongside accounting in the light of positive approach. Other than this, this study also systematically inspects the manner this theory can be implemented in the field of accounting, identify insufficiencies in the procedure of execution of scientific approaches of research functions (Biondi and Zambon 2013). However, this study also elucidates comprehensively about intellectual probe established with alignment to hypothesis of the research, Greek tradition of sensible enquiry and many other factors as a vital section of scientific course of research work. Subsequently, this study also provides comprehensive examples of particular positive accounting research that essentially indicates towards positive research projects that can be observed to be much broader than Positive Accounting Concept (). Furthermore, the current section also highlights appropriate examples on positive accounting concepts in research that essentially sketches the fact that nature along with reasons behind definite concepts of accounting, though the causes might possibly be based on non-logical concepts of human psychology (Bonin 2013). Other than this, the current study also expounds different notions of scientific ontology along with epistemology. However, this work also demonstrates different principles and basis of hypothesis examination as well as falsification. By itself, it can be hereby mentioned that this current study advocates that the principles are regularly proposed inductively by way of accumu lation of data, however induction cannot all the time be the correct theory. In addition to this, the current work also elucidates in depth the criterion of Popper that suggests the sequential steps that generally the natural scientists undertake for carrying out the research work. Principally, the procedures comprise of detailed observation plus generation of initial ideas, formulation of proper theory alongside inspection of projections (Bryer 2014). By itself, undertaking this course also leads to disapproval of numerous theories and directs towards examination of feasibility of falsification of concepts (Coad et al. 2016). Further, inspection of falsification also demonstrates qualitative positive research, diverse determinations of particular qualitative positive study and afterwards explicates proper logic alongside flaws of examination of statistical hypothesis. This study also vividly talks about the logic that is behind examination of hypothesis. This again can be observed as a version of Poppers judgment that is mostly utilized in different quantita tive research. The null hypotheses are presented and mainly under the null hypothesis, definite distribution of specific test statistic is computed. According to the given article, rationality of investigation of hypothesis is essentially to falsify or else nullify the specified null hypothesis (Deegan 2013). Furthermore, this study also demonstrates the need for statistics for particularly positive accounting study given that specific data on accounting is subject to diverse errors. Nevertheless, statistics are too incorrectly utilized, thus, the usual objective should not be examination of hypothesis and in its place approximation has to be utilized. Additionally, this study also demonstrates the effect on particularly positive research work. Again, this article also sketches the necessities of an efficacious positive research works. Essentially, this indicates towards the necessity of susceptible representations that can be rigorously inspected, significance of rational modelling and requirement for estimation in place of testing of hypothesis (Freeman et al. 2014). In conclusion, the provided article delivers the decisive declarations grounded on inspection of different ontological along with epistemological facets of positive research. Furthermore, decisive declarations of provided article also elucidates the confines of accounting research and manner in which the present exercise of accounting fails to meet different requirements. This study also suggests methods for enhancement of existing business practice that is dependent upon different identified gaps in hypothetical modelling, enumeration procedures in models, examination of hypothesis along with preservation of data records. Examination of the observations of different research helps in identifying the matter that there is insistent requirement for better procedures for enumeration that in turn can help in assessment of different theoretic models that can be fittingly assessed. Predominantly, the notions has the requirement to be functionalized by searching out appropriate proxies for diverse significant concepts (Gaffikin and Aitken 2014). Before institution of a viable method for examination of a notion, the precise enumeration arrangement need to be corr ectly utilized as a standard that can be followed in all research studies as it is not worthy re-inventing diverse measurement processes for different research works. By itself, examination of diverse findings also recommends transference of focus from courses of inspection and examination of hypothesis to process of estimation of different research parameters (Hair 2015). For itself, comparative appraisal can be undertaken between confidence intervals and theoretic estimates of research parameters as well as various comparable details from miscellaneous research studies. Other than this, the research study also proposes the requirement for preservation of data records, application of significant concepts that can help in inspection of hypothesis. Research Questions - How do the concepts of positive accounting approach be utilized for the purpose of attainment of different scientific intents particularly in the field of accounting? -How can the courses of formulation of research hypothesis, statistical examination of hypothesis, and estimation of research parameters be observed within a particular paradigm of research? -What are the different aspects of the ontology as well as epistemology of research that exerts impact on the research work? Theoretical Framework This current section concentrates on theoretic framework of research study that assists supporting diverse theoretic notions, principles as well as ideas that are essentially relatable in the present context. Besides, theoretic outline of study contains apposite descriptions of ontology along with epistemology factors in particularly scientific research program. Mainly, the chosen article elucidates different concepts of positive accounting, illustrates about its background together with biases. However, in case of this scientific research works, the carefully chosen article refers to concepts of Greek mythology, different religious considerations about the world, (Buddhist/ Abrahamic) for gaining deep understanding regarding the course of sensible process of enquiry (Miller and Power 2013). This process of rational inquiry essentially forms a crucial factor of scientific research. In addition to this, it can be hereby witnessed that the carefully chosen article also exemplifies posi tive research with proper reference to accounting (Henderson et al. 2015). This study appositely draws reference to different theoretic model on sensible, self-interested human behaviour. Furthermore, theoretic framework of this study also comprises of thorough study of particularly scientific ontology along with epistemology. In essence, the ideas, notions as well as codes of accounting for all intents and purposes embraces exhaustive explanation of certain items such as earnings, disbursements, revenue, gains elsewise losses and many others. Nevertheless, accounting theory in ontological setting also divulges the fact that there are many underlying suppositions as regards existence of reality that fundamentally can be related to significant model on realism in philosophy (Modell 2013). Nonetheless, diverse inferences based on definite ontological theories can be observed to be insufficient. Particularly for this cases consequences along with the roles of accounting in business con cerns can be considered. Importance and limitations of the study Suggestion of this research refers to acquirement of different comprehensive idea regarding positive approach in accounting. Nevertheless, this assists in augmentation of causal relations of behaviour of human in basically accounting context. Other than this, evaluation of present article also reflects the importance of intellectual enquiries that can consequently support entire course of institution of cause as well as effect relations (Rogers and Van Buskirk 2013). This study also helps in gaining knowledge as to miscellaneous theoretic philosophies along with perceptions of normal science as has been advocated by Kuhn. Nonetheless, the main output essentially involves statistically important consequences and has varied uninterpretable coefficients related to changed doubtful dimensions. Fundamentally, there are many confines of this research work. Particularly, explanations suggested by Kuhn are also non-fundamental (Setyorini and Ishak 2012). Hereby this study proposes specific p ropositions that are essentially based on consequences of the research study. However, proposals for the enhancement of theoretic models have the need to be assessed for institution of operative research studies. While, this study also mentions regarding insufficient advancement in particular scientific research in the field of accounting, the present study does not mention anything regarding the ways for overcoming diverse difficulties of slow advances in positive research particularly in the field of accounting. Yet again, the recommendations for development as mentioned in this article suggests about re-approximation as well as use of estimation processes of different research parameters, still, it does not show the way of application of process that can be followed for assessment of different theories (Yee and Khin 2015). Conclusion In conclusion, it can be said that there is requirement for better theoretic models that can be regarded as particular subjects for detailed examination. The current study also helps in gaining deep understanding regarding the fact that that there is prerequisite for improved processes of enumeration in order to ensure proper examination of different theoretic models. In addition to this, the study helps in understanding the requirement for transference of effort from examination of hypothesis to use of processes of estimation of different parameters. References Beatty, A. and Liao, S., 2014. Financial accounting in the banking industry: A review of the empirical literature. Journal of Accounting and Economics, 58(2), pp.339-383. Biondi, Y. and Zambon, S. eds., 2013. Accounting and business economics: Insights from national traditions. Routledge. Bonin, H., 2013. Generational accounting: theory and application. Springer Science Business Media. Bryer, A.R., 2014. Conscious practices and purposive action: A qualitative study of accounting and social change. Critical Perspectives on Accounting, 25(2), pp.93-103. Coad, A., Coad, A., Jack, L., Jack, L., Kholeif, A. and Kholeif, A., 2016. Strong structuration theory in accounting research. Accounting, Auditing Accountability Journal, 29(7), pp.1138-1144.. Deegan, C., 2013. Financial accounting theory. McGraw-Hill Education Australia. Freeman, R.J., Shoulders, C.D., Allison, G.S., Smith Jr, G.R. and Becker, C.J., 2014. Governmental and nonprofit accounting: Theory and practice. JPAEJOURNAL OF PUBLIC AFFAIRS EDUCATION VOLUME 20 NUMBER 3, p.441. Gaffikin, M. and Aitken, M., 2014. The Development of Accounting Theory (RLE Accounting): Significant Contributors to Accounting Thought in the 20th Century. Routledge. Hair, J.F., 2015. Essentials of business research methods. ME Sharpe. Henderson, S., Peirson, G., Herbohn, K. and Howieson, B., 2015. Issues in financial accounting. Pearson Higher Education AU. Miller, P. and Power, M., 2013. Accounting, organizing, and economizing: Connecting accounting research and organization theory. The Academy of Management Annals, 7(1), pp.557-605. Modell, S., 2013. Making sense of social practice: theoretical pluralism in public sector accounting research: a comment. Financial Accountability Management, 29(1), pp.99-110 Rogers, J.L. and Van Buskirk, A., 2013. Bundled forecasts in empirical accounting research. Journal of Accounting and Economics, 55(1), pp.43-65. Setyorini, C.T. and Ishak, Z., 2012. Corporate social and environmental disclosure: A positive accounting theory view point. International Journal of Business and Social Science, 3(9). Yee, C.M. and Khin, E.W.S., 2015. Positivist Research and its Influence in Management Accounting Research. Journal of Accounting Perspectives, 3(1).

Relevance of Market Information System to Environment Protection

Question: Describe about the Relevance of Market Information System to Environment Protection? Answer: Environment Agency was introduced beneath Environment Act 1995. Governments major aim in establishing this Agency was about enabling functions that were vested into it to be taken through in a path which would bring greater benefit for environment on a whole. While discharging all its functions this Agency is needed to protect otherwise enhance ecology, as to make the contribution that the Secretary of State for the Environment, Food and Rural Affairs consider it properly towards attainment of sustainable development and growth (Awasthi, 2007). What The organization is responsible for: Properly regulating vital industry as well as its wastes To treat all the contaminated land and field To look after maintenance of water quality as well as resources To look after fisheries All Inland river, estuary as well as harbor navigations Conservation plus ecology (Barbour, 2000) They are even responsible for managing all risks of flooding right from the main rivers, sea, reservoirs and also estuaries. When- They act all the time for betterment and protection of the environment. Their work is a non-stop type and actually is beneath pressure when any natural calamity occurs in the location Why- The organization actually works to build up a better place intended for people as well as wildlife, plus also supports real sustainable growth plus development. How-The firm aims to do following tasks to attain its aims and goals: They work along with businesses as well as other organizations towards managing use of all the resources Enhance resilience of populace, property plus businesses to risks intended towards flooding as well as coastal erosion (Environment Agency consults education, 2001) They protect as well as improve the water, land plus biodiversity Enhance the path people work plus regulator towards protecting people as well as environment and also supports growth (2) Environment Agency's said purpose is about protecting the environment and enhances the same and thereby ensures sustainable development all around. It attempt to train people and make them understand about the environment development and maintenance of ecology at workplace is diverting them from their main aim and objective to some extent (Environment agency reopens doors to libraries, 2008). As per the main aims of the organization it must merely act for maintenance of ecology and take actions while nature calamities. (3) Environment Agency now has produced novel practical guidance intended for the asset managers which would shoe them way to assess deterioration of some typical flood as well as coastal defense assets plus their outstanding life. This guidance has helped to support all the asset managers within all Floods as well as Coastal Risk Management functioning authorities while assessing residual danger of the assets beneath different situation as well as maintenance regimes (Ceder, Roberts and Schermbrucker, 2014). Another output was from the program undertaken by the practitioner to lead the research towards informing the staffs and employees and people involved about all the policy as well as operations and procedures. This program was a successful one and enabled people to know what they really wanted to know about the organization and the tasks they were to perform. (1) EA is responsible for working and performing hand in hand with several other firms to enhance the way in which they can protect the environment. Towards this path the firm must try to get into contract with several firms towards taking actions to such paths. This organization can even get into agreements with firms and might try to work with them more efficiently as this is the only way through which it can enhance its work and performance. Also firm can build in several programs and enable the partner organizations staffs attend the program so that they can be made extra aware about the environment and need for protecting it (Egendorf, 2005). The organization can even make the staffs get into live actions of helping people and supporting ecology where they might be made to feel good after helping someone, such an action might encourage people to work for the betterment of the society. (2) Stakeholders that are to be satisfied intended for such an area of responsibility are: The board of members of the organization that is the environment agency The board of members of the partner firm or company The employees of the partner firm (European Environment Agency report: climate change, impacts and vulnerability in Europe 2012, 2013) The experts otherwise the professionals who would supply proper training to the staffs All the members who donate to the organization and also who are part and parcel of the organization since past All the shareholders of the firm who would invest vast amount behind all the carry outs of the firm. (3) Specific- To attain better environment and also ensure sustainability of the same through tying up with firms and making them act ethically when it comes to environment and also protection of the ecology Measurable- The organization will try to evaluate the extent of air pollution arriving from factories at the present and will then after training and development program evaluate it again and analyze the difference that will take place after the training to the factories (European Environment Agency still in limbo, 1992). Attainable- To develop supportable material for providing help to the staffs of the organization and also to the employees of the partner firm. Also experts and professionals will be required to carry out the task. Relevant- Environmental friendly behavior will be expected from all the staffs and also they will be properly trained to perform in way through which they could least harm the ecology. Also relevant data and information will be attained as to how the firms have affected the ecology all around (Hill, 2006). Time bound- The training will not be of more than a month and the classes will generally be held in the weekends when staffs are at low pressure of work and when they actually enjoy their holidays. (4) (a) Plan for attainment of objective: Activities needed- The organization will need to contact big firms who are serving the nation as well as the world and are operating in several parts of the globe. The organization will need to present PowerPoint where it would show the way in which big manufacturing firms are affecting the ecology worldwide. The organization after approval will sing an agreement with the firm for the particular program it would conduct within the firms premises (Marley, 2000). (b) Steps to monitor as well as control activities plus the plan incorporation- The organization will first of all needed to ensure that a good team of professionals and experts are developed for carrying out the activities smoothly and without occurrence of any major hurdle The organization must ensure the punctuality of the team and also make sure all the tools and equipments are available to them on time so that no delay in the program occurs The organization will need to contact the financial department and discuss on the budget allotted and that which is the extent of the firm (NOGUCHI, 2009) Ensure about the firms quality of work and attain approval from the partner organization Analyze and evaluate the project time to time to know the drawbacks and tryt o control them on the spot Justification of the plan- The plan that has been laid down will definitely help the firm to attain better results. If the staffs of the manufacturing firm know the advantages and disadvantages of the processes and tools plus techniques that are being used in the factories and their effects on the ecology they might feel responsible for maintenance of the environment and thereby act accordingly to save the environment (Pushparaja, 2014). Quality standards and monitoring as well as controlling schemes in EA There are some statutory standards and also few non-statutory standards. Statutory are those that are set in the legislation and carry non-compliance along with the statutory obligations. These benchmarks are set by the government. Non-statutory are set by the organization that is the environment agency themselves and are never covered by any legislation by the government. MCERTS is EAs Monitoring certification system for the equipment, personnel as well as organizations. It even provides a liberation vehicle for the compliance along with the European Directives that regulate the industrial emissions and also monitoring data as well as equipment plus personnel. It promotes the public confidence within the monitoring data and supplies a framework intended for selecting the monitoring equipment as well as services which meet Environment Agencys particulars (Sunil, 2012). (2) ISO 9000 benchmarks can be applied in the firm which would offer the organization actual capability to properly develop as well as implement effective plus dynamic quality scheme, along with an appropriate focus upon the continuous improvement as well as revision, as long as firms show necessary willingness plus commitment towards exploiting the same. The firm can improve its efficiency through setting higher benchmarks and thereby working more efficiently for attainment of those benchmark on time and within the desired limit. Such a scheme can help the firm to develop itself and attain better results thereby enhancing the firms capability for management and control over all the factors affecting its performance (The Land Use Assessment A Report by the European Environment Agency, 2011). (3) This system would definitely sustain a good quality culture as this scheme will help the organization in several ways. These ways are as follows: The system will help the firm to set benchmarks The system will enable the firm to act as per the benchmarks that was set beforehand and thereby ensure that the firm complies with all its standards and attains better outcomes It will help the firm to enhance the relation with the staffs and also with the partner firms Through this system the firm will play vital role in protecting the ecology and will thereby make sure that it attains its goals and objective effectively This system will help firm to build better relations with all the stakeholders as it would supply surety to them for the success that will be attained by the organization in the coming future as the firm would imply the proper system and would work in better way. (4) Recommendations: Older system will come to an end and a novel plan will be implemented People would feel more motivated and encouraged as they will be provided with something new that they can try and also something that will supply them all the better policies and procedures. People will feel more inclined towards the program as they will know that some experts are going to teach them and this might help them increase their knowledge and skills Working towards protection of the ecology also will help them to attain a feeling of responsibility and accountability towards the environment and they might imply the same in real life The organization might affect the locality through this program and encourage other such organization to act in the similar way enabling the path towards improvement of the ecology and help from each member of the society (Awasthi, 2007) Removal of old system will decrease boredom amongst staffs (5) There will be results that will be affect the firm in long run when the system will be implemented. They are as follows: The firm will be able to gain more and more profit as success of the program will enhance the name and fame of the firm and will enable more number of donators to donate towards the firm and thereby contribute in the protection of the environment. The firm will be capable of building relation that will be carried out for longer duration and will pay back to the firm in the future (Ceder, Roberts and Schermbrucker, 2014) The organization through such system will enhance the skills and knowledge of its staffs and will thereby make them capable of being flexible and more efficient while at work The success of the system will help the firm to attain good market share and thereby work more efficiently towards protection of the ecology thereby adding more and partners within its performance base and thus getting more number of helping hands within. References Awasthi, B. (2007). Relevance of market information system to environment protection. J. Agric. Environ., 8(0). Barbour, S. (2000). The environment. San Diego, CA: Greenhaven Press. Ceder, A., Roberts, M. and Schermbrucker, R. (2014). Investigation of SkyCabs Monorail System in Urban Regions. GEP, 02(02), pp.96-113. Chen, Y. and Wen, J. (2008). Sensor system design for building indoor air protection. Building and Environment, 43(7), pp.1278-1285. Egendorf, L. (2005). The environment. Detroit: Greenhaven Press. Environment Agency consults education. (2001). Education + Training, 43(6). Environment agency reopens doors to libraries. (2008). Nature, 452(7188), pp.677-677. European Environment Agency Online Report Environment State and Outlook Report 2010. (2011). Int J of Sus in Higher Ed, 12(2). European Environment Agency report: climate change, impacts and vulnerability in Europe 2012. (2013). International Journal of Climate Change Strategies and Management, 5(2). European Environment Agency still in limbo. (1992). Nature, 357(6377), pp.353-353. Hill, M. (2006). The environment. Detroit: Greenhaven Press. Marley, F. (2000). Utilisation of an Air-conditioning System to Control the Levels of Radon and Radon Progeny in a Workplace Environment. Radiation Protection Dosimetry, 91(4), pp.403-407. NOGUCHI, N. (2009). Intelligent Bioproduction System towards Environment Protection. Environ. Control Biol., 47(2), pp.111-120. Pushparaja, (2014). Quality assurance of emergency core cooling system in nuclear reactors: Erratum. Radiation Protection and Environment, 37(2), p.114. Sunil, C. (2012). Radiological safety aspects of an accelerator driven system. Radiation Protection and Environment, 35(3), p.145. The Land Use Assessment A Report by the European Environment Agency. (2011). Int J of Sus in Higher Ed, 12(3).

Hidden Threads Essays - Hermeneutics, Continental Philosophy

Hidden Threads There was a time, not long ago, when the evangelical commu-nity had considerable consensus on lifestyle questions and socialissues. We generally agreed on what we should eat and drink and how we might spend our weekends. There was little debate over definitions of vulgarity or morality, and questions of fashion were rarely a matter for discussion. In those days, everyone knew how a family should be raised, and aberrations such as divorce and abortion were simply that: problems found only among hose outside the fold. All of that has changed. Today there is considerable disagreement on such questions, and where there is not disagreement, there is often a reluctant silence or unwillingness to enter into discussion on these questions. The problem is complicated by the fact that these issues do not always fall neatly into those familiar gaps found among genders, generations, and geographies. Too often we find uneasy disagreement among parishioners or even among clergy in the same denomination. Similarly, tensions are found among teenagers or among parents and not simply between those two groups. In each case where such tensions exist, clear biblical and objective bases for evaluating our modern society are usually not found. Consequently, theological answers to these questions have generally not been helpful. That is not to say we should expect them to be. Much of the difficulty in dealing with contemporary social issues can be attributed to modernity with its tendency to pose problems that all outside of theological answers . Theology is designed to defend the faith and not to interpret modern culture or to help the believer live in it. It is the province of social science to understand modernity and to explain how it affects all of us. Theology cannot be expected to interpret the impact of computers on modern life any more than social science can be expected to explain the Trinity. What theology can do is to elucidate those universal principles given to us by God that social science may then interpret for modern living. My claim is that modern life has re-defined many of the practices that theology traditionally addressed. State lotteries, for example, have defined gambling in ways unfamiliar to theology. The revocation of blue laws concerned with Sunday openings has challenged the traditional meaning of the Sabbath. In a modern economy, the biblical meaning of poverty differsgreatly from the meaning found today. In each of these cases, traditional biblical interpretations do not address the questions experienced today. Consequently, there is a lag in theological thinking when contemporary social issues fall outside the boundof traditional theological answer. Our problem is to locate some common ground where theology and social science can join forces, some bridge between biblical truth and the application of that truth to modern social problems. I would argue that concepts found in scripture as well as in social science form a common, hermeneutical base for the analysis of modern social issues. Referred to here as hidden threads, these concepts tie together, so to speak, the meaning God intended us to find in the world with meaning as we find it today. What is the meaning in the modern marriage that is faithful to God's plan and what has been added by humans? What is the meaning of money that God would have us keep and what modern thinking should be discarded? These questions can only be answered when theology and social science join forces. The harmful impact made by modernity on society and Christian thought justifies such an approach. To support that claim, I intend in this paper to: l) clarify the crises posed by modernity, 2) develop the conceptual foundation referred to here as hidden threads as it relates to these crises, and 3) encourage the development of a hermeneutic which benefits from the interpretations offered by theology and social science. Crisis of Meaning Much of traditional life was governed by the belief that society's rules and norms were appropriate for governing human relationships and were worthy of respect, if not full acceptance. Developments in Western culture over the past 30 years or so have reversed much of this belief and substituted the notion that people shape rules as they interact. Instead of fitting relationships into normative expectations, those relationships

Mozmbique-Economic Info. essays

Mozmbique-Economic Info. essays Despite of the economic progress experienced in the late 1990s, Mozambique remains one of the poorest countries in the world, with 60 per cent of the population living below the poverty line. The problems facing Mozambique include: Economic benefits barely reach 80 per cent of the population living in rural areas The devastating consequences of the civil war The national emergency of HIV/AIDS is over stretching the pressure on already overstretched resources The ever growing external debt which diverts funds away from healthcare and education Continual dependence on foreign finance for development projects Natural hazards such as the year 2000 floods Immediately after independence in 1975 considerable progress was made, but these gains were mostly lost in the sixteen years of civil war and decades of disastrous natural hazards. As a result the Republic Of Mozambique is a severely underdeveloped country. Landmines still render travel outside the capital hazardous, while food shortages costly international flights, and poor infrastructure are added obstacles. Whilst it was destroyed by the civil war, it is slowly rebuilding and given political stability, Mozambique could yet exploit its excellent beaches and game reserves, which include the Gorongosa Game Park. There are plans afoot to incorporate reserves into South Africas much-visited Kruger Park, just across the boarder. Some foreign hotel groups are once more targeting Maputo as a luxury tourist and conference venue. In the 1970s the tourist industry drew some 300,000 South Africans and Rhodesians as visitors to the country. Another advantage was that its inflation has been low and foreign exchange rates relatively stable. Mozambiques economy grew at an annual 10% rate in 1997-99, one of the highest growth rates in the world. But this strength turned, growth slowed and inflation grew in 2000 d...

Foundation of Law concerning Employment Assignment

Foundation of Law concerning Employment - Assignment Example In the same way that the employer is legally entitled the profits of an employee’s work, the employer has also a legal liability if the same work results in harm. On the other hand, is someone is injured and needs to be compensated; the legal system makes the victim whole and assigns liability to the employer and not the employee. The employer is therefore liable for any harm caused by their servants acting within the scope of employment. There are various legal theories which the employer may be held responsible for the actions of their employee. The master can be held liable for any harm caused by the employee acting in the scope of occupation. This applies to both employees and to the independent contractors for as log as there is an agency relationship. According to the plaintiff’s attorney, the employer should know that the employee might cause harm. If the employee cause the harm while acting within the scope of employment, his/her employer is liable for damages incurred by the victim. This means that irrespective of the employer’s good intentions, or policies, I the employee cause an injury or harm to anybody within and without the company, while performing within the scope of the employment, the responsibility traces back to the employer. Unlike the vicarious liability, the negligent hiring, retention and supervision arises from actions performed by an employee outside the scope of his/her employment. An example of this liability occurs when the employer is held responsible for criminal conducts of the e mployee. The bases of this liability are upon the carelessness of the employer on hiring a criminal for a piece of work that he expected would endanger the lives of others. This is now recognized as a cause of action by many nations. There elements are required for liability to attach to the master (employer). Firstly, employers who employ individuals must train them in every sector of their job responsibilities, if failing to do so would result to injuries. Â  For example, employees who operate a vehicle should be adequately trained to do so to avoid destructed driving because the risk is foreseeable. Secondly, the employer is responsible for hiring, training and supervising employees. Failure to do so is described as a breach of that duty. Lastly, there must be causation between the injury and the conduct. Â  By virtual of employees using some unnecessary devices at work such as the mobile devices while driving company’s vehicle, the employer is said to have breached his/ her duty to supervise his/her employees and is thus held liable to the accident victims.

Dadaism and its Influence on Late Mid Twentieth Century Essay

Dadaism and its Influence on Late Mid Twentieth Century - Essay Example The essay "Dadaism and its Influence on Late Mid Twentieth Century" concerns the Dada movement and their art. Design can be shown to have benefited from the innovations that occurred through the Dadaist movement. This paper will review the way in which Dada was defined and relate its evolution to the meaning that was placed in artistic works within the culture of Dada. The discussion will turn towards the work of James Reid and Vivienne Westwoods in order to reveal how Dada has been influential in design. Through focusing on these two designers, the concepts of Dada will emerge as influential to the development of their work and its importance in the evolving topics of design. Defining Dada often leaves the one doing the describing in a perpetual negative space. The explanation is often more focused on what Dada does not represent. Dada does not represent the common, the beliefs that had come before it about what defined art. Dada is about the avant-garde, even though it is technical ly a precursor to avant-garde ideas, but it is questionable that the definition of that term would suffice to describe Dada. Dada can be described for its visual impression, defining what is seen by what is perceived. An example of this is the use of words in order to create a visual impact. What the words say is not more important than the composition of the lettering, the way in which the visual impact performs. The viewer experiences the sensation of reading, but the experience is beyond just that concept. Dada took the evolution of design and printing to a place in which visual impact was used to create communication. At the time of Dada, the explanation of it was obscure; the idea of the irony in its creation meaning that it was the antithesis of all that was art. Dada was â€Å"nothing† as described by Duchamp. According to descriptions by Blythe and Powers (2006, p. 7) â€Å"Dada directed its energies toward challenging accepted notions of art and the tradition of oil painting, most noticeably by designating pre-existing mass produced objects – so called ‘Readymades’ - art and by using the playful language of puns offering humour and simultaneous meanings†. Dada was about using art against itself by creating graphically designed pieces that could be interpreted as anti-art, which in turn made them quintessentially art. The irony of Dada was always that in trying to not be what it was it was more itself. Dada, in not being art, became essentially artistic. Dada was much more than the creation of works of art. The concept of Dada was that it was a culture, defining ways of thinking through new perspectives. Dada was a challenge to the standard, a reversal of tradition in which to be expected would be a sin. Phrases such as â€Å"

International Relations Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words - 1

International Relations - Essay Example Realism theory focuses on the continuing tendency for arising disputes between two countries or states, whereas, the liberalism theory helps to identify the various ways to diminish the conflicting tendencies. The radical theory traditionally describes how the entire system of maintaining relations between countries should be altered. In other words, the realists believe that the critical force among countries is to preserve the struggle for power by improving its military security and fiscal welfare in comparison to other countries. Furthermore, the competition between countries is observed as ‘zero-sum game’ in which a country’s gain is a loss for the other country (Dumbaugh 2009). Thesis Statement The paper will discuss the international relations shared between the United States and China for exporting Chinese Tires to the US. Moreover, the paper will focus mainly on the realist and liberal theories for evaluating and better understanding of the relations betw een the two countries. Furthermore, it has been observed that the US government has issued new tariff rules for the US firms in importing tire products from China, which have discouraged many buyers from importing. The issue has bothered many large tire manufacturer companies of China, such as Giti tires which are expecting huge losses (Dumbaugh 2009). Thus, with regard to the challenging policy imposed by the US government, relationship between the two countries will be evaluated. The current situation has instigated a comprehensive list of mutual and polygonal issues that have developed recently (Dumbaugh 2009). Expansive Detail of the Event Hufbauer & Lowry’s findings state that the entire cost to American consumers due to the increased prices which are the affects of imposing hire tariffs to the Chinese tires, was approximately US$1.1 billion in 2011. This has led to job cuts rather than employments which saved nearly US $ 900,000 in the same year. Therefore, the addition al costs that the US citizens had to pay in buying the tires made them reduce the amount spent on other retail products, thereby affecting employment in the retail sector as well. Furthermore, the tire protectionism affected the US economy with more than 2,531 job cuts which were due to the increased losses in the retail sector (Hufbauer and Lowry 2012). The recent updates state that the Chinese government greatly opposed to the decision taken by US President Barack Obama about the tariffs imposed on the tire imports from China. In this regard, this case would be brought under the judgment of World Trade Organization (WTO) as concluded by the Asian country’s Ministry of Commerce. The ministry further said that by imposing higher import duties the US government violated the rules implemented by WTO which was a breach in commitments made by the US at the Group of 20 summits. Thus, it can be stated that the decision to register the case in WTO will affect the international relat ions between the two countries, thereby leading to a chain reaction towards trade protectionism (Bloomberg L.P. 2009). The decision to increase the import duties on tires was followed by a complaint from the United Steelworkers union which is one of the biggest US trading partners. The complaint was to discourage imports from China and encourage using tires produced in own country. Moreover, the steelworkers union that represented more than 15,000 employees working at the 13 tire plants in the US supported the decision as their job cuts were being frequent due to the shutdown of the factories which were being affected by the cheap imports (Bloomberg L.P. 2009). Arguments Realist Theory According to Donnelly (2000), realism is considered as an advancement

Management style to fit employee needs

Management style to fit employee needs Examine the argument that managers need to be able to adapt their management style to fit the needs of the employees. Your essay must include a minimum of six citations and two examples from different texts to support your arguments. No late, or partial, submissions will be accepted. There are several people said that managers need to change their style to be able to deal with different situation, but some people are not. Changing management style can help managers gain numerous of advantages such as to be more successful, be able to communicate more effectively with employees to understand what the employees are expecting from their manager. The purpose of this essay is to examine whether managers need to change their management style to fit the needs of the employees. This essay is divided into two sections which are the first is counter arguments that purpose managers do not need to change their style and the second is arguments that managers should change their style to fit the needs of the employees. This essay will argue that management style change depends on situation, people can change it, and they are not fixed. It can be argued that managers do not need to change their management style to be competent to deal with any situations and to be able to fit the needs of the employees, due to some reasons. First of all there are some structures and circumstances that have to maintain one style of management to work more effectively such as military structure or urgent circumstances. Indeed, in the military and other urgent circumstances, people tend to be told what to do next rather than wasting time on asking for some ideas (Shah, 2010). For instance, there is a terrorist attack at some place or soldiers have to rescue victims from there, it will take time and the mission may fail if a leader is democratic and ask so many people to give solutions (Kartha, 2011). In addition, employees may prefer a leader makes a decision and tell them what to do than having a discussion, when time is stressful. To be reducing stressful some employees are willing to become children and follow exactly what autocrati c leaders said (Cloke and Goldsmith, 2002 cited in J. Mullins, 2007). Another reason why managers do not need to change their style is contingency theory. Contingency theory argues that organizations should not expect that their leaders are able to lead in every situation; companies should place their leaders in situations that are ideal with their leadership style (Northouse, 2010). Thus, it can be seen that if leaders are in the wrong situations, organization should move the leader to another context that leaders are able to solve. Furthermore, Fiedler (1967 cited in Robbins, Bergman, Stagg and Coulter, 2008) stated that there are only two ways to improve leader successful that are change the situation to fit the leader and change the leader to fit the situation. Hence, managers do not have to change their style when they have to deal with different situations. According to contingency if a leader cannot deal with a group situation, company should change a leader who is competent to solve that task. For instance, if the group was rated as highly unfa vorable but was led by a relationship-oriented leader, the group should replace that person with a task-oriented leader (Robbins, Bergman, Stagg and Coulter, 2008). On the other hand, there are also some reasons that recommend managers should change their style to fit the needs of the employees. Firstly, managers should change their style when they move from a culture to another. It can be seen that each organizational has different culture, so managers cannot use the same management style to all the culture. Indeed, organizations are different, face different situations and require different ways of managing (Robbins, Bergman, Stagg and Coulter, 2008). In addition, the contingency approach said that in multicultural organizations, leader should understand that there is no one best way of communicating, effective communication is depends on the situation. Effective communication is the precondition to leaders understands their employees and knows what employees are expecting. For instance, during a crisis manager may prefer to tell subordinates exactly what to do to avoid discussion; however, discussion between the manager and employees might be accepted if time is more tranquil (E. Hynes, 2011). E. Hynes (2011) also claimed that different cultures possess different work values and communication styles. Therefore, managers must adjust their style to be able to communicate with employees of all culture to fit the needs of their employees. Moreover, national culture is an important factor that might help recognize which leadership style will be most effective (Robbins, Bergman, Stagg and Coulter, 2008). Successful leader do not use a style to all situation. They adjust their style depend on the situation to work more successful. For instance, works in China might not be effective in Australia or France (Robbins, Bergman, Stagg and Coulter, 2008). Hersey (1988) argued that successful leadership is achieved by selecting the right leadership style, which is contingent on the level of the followers readiness. In this case, followers readiness as defined by Hersey is people who are competent and confidence to accomplish a specific work (Robbins, Bergman, Stagg and Coulter, 2008). Hersey invented four leadership styles that are telling, selling, participating and delegating to match with four kind of readiness that are unable and unwilling, unable but willing, able but willing and able and willing. According to situation leadership model managers should adjust their style base on followers readiness to become more successful leader. In the same line of argument Mullins (2007) argued that managers should help subordinates to develop in readiness by adjusting leadership styles through the four styles of telling, selling, participating and delegating. For instance, if followers are unable and unwilling to do a task, leaders need to c hange their style into telling style; if employees are able and willing, leaders can change their style into delegating style (Hersey, 1988 cited in Robbins, Bergman, Stagg and Coulter, 2008). Contingency theory seems to be recommending that managers do not need to change their style to be able to fit the needs of the employees. Contingency theory stresses that managers are not effective in all situation. Hence, there are two ways to improve leaders successful that organization should change a leader to fit the situation by another leader who is able to solve it, and organization also can change the situation to fit a leader by restructuring tasks (Fiedler, 1967). However, from the evidence provided organizations are different, face different situations and require different ways of managing (Robbins, Bergman, Stagg and Coulter, 2008). According to situation leadership model managers should adjust their style base on followers readiness to become more successful leader. Thus, as a consequence, managers still need to adapt their management style to fit the needs of the employees. This essay has attempted to examine whether managers need to be able to adapt their management style to fit the needs of the employees. While the evidence expresses that manager does not need to change their style because manager is not effective in all situations and organizations can improve leaders effective by change the situation to fit the manager or change the leader to fit the situation, the reasons managers should change their style can arise from organizations are different, face different situations and require different ways of managing and successful leadership is achieved by selecting the right leadership style, which is contingent on the level of the followers readiness. As a consequence, I consider that managers need to change their style to be more successful and be able to fit the needs of the employees.

Listening Without Judgment and Thinking Positively :: The Sketch Plays Life Essays

Listening Without Judgment and Thinking Positively The sketch that was just been performed on stage by my friends shows you one of the consequences that can arise due to listening without judgment. There are many more consequences that you can imagine but I can tell you that they are all disastrous. Misunderstanding is a major factor which is the origin of fights in families. A person young or old must always be taken seriously when relating his problems. It is not always necessary that a younger person is always at fault. An older person may also be at fault. In many families, if a person is older than all the family members it means that he is always right. Why is this so? Is he not human? Every human make mistakes. In many films you can see that when actors have lots of problems they go and refuge themselves in cigarettes, alcohols, drugs and some even suicide themselves. In the sketch you can see that when his father takes him for the culprit, he started to drink alcohol and this has resulted into a lot of problems for not only him but also his parents. This does not happen only in films but also in the actual life. I myself have a relative who has started smoking just because of his own problems. One day I asked him why he has started smoking. He told me that when his business was not working well he had no one to entrust himself and then started to smoke and as you all know "once pop up can't stop" now he is unable to quit smoking by himself. So just imagine that you go and tell your parents about your problems and they do not listen to you or make you the culprit without knowing the whole problem. What would be your reaction? Won't you react in the same way as these persons? Naturally this will discourage you even more. Thinking positively Thinking plays a very important role in our everyday life. Every action is accompanied by a thought. There are two main ways of thinking; Thinking positively and thinking negatively. Frankly speaking thinking positively is much better for yourself and your surroundings. Any negative thought can have terrible consequences and this is one of the factors that prevents national unity. Jealousy is an imperfection that man has a role to play in the creation of negative thinking. For example a person can see his wife talking with a stranger. If the man thinks negatively about it, then consequences like fighting may lead to divorce; now if the couple has children just imagine through which Listening Without Judgment and Thinking Positively :: The Sketch Plays Life Essays Listening Without Judgment and Thinking Positively The sketch that was just been performed on stage by my friends shows you one of the consequences that can arise due to listening without judgment. There are many more consequences that you can imagine but I can tell you that they are all disastrous. Misunderstanding is a major factor which is the origin of fights in families. A person young or old must always be taken seriously when relating his problems. It is not always necessary that a younger person is always at fault. An older person may also be at fault. In many families, if a person is older than all the family members it means that he is always right. Why is this so? Is he not human? Every human make mistakes. In many films you can see that when actors have lots of problems they go and refuge themselves in cigarettes, alcohols, drugs and some even suicide themselves. In the sketch you can see that when his father takes him for the culprit, he started to drink alcohol and this has resulted into a lot of problems for not only him but also his parents. This does not happen only in films but also in the actual life. I myself have a relative who has started smoking just because of his own problems. One day I asked him why he has started smoking. He told me that when his business was not working well he had no one to entrust himself and then started to smoke and as you all know "once pop up can't stop" now he is unable to quit smoking by himself. So just imagine that you go and tell your parents about your problems and they do not listen to you or make you the culprit without knowing the whole problem. What would be your reaction? Won't you react in the same way as these persons? Naturally this will discourage you even more. Thinking positively Thinking plays a very important role in our everyday life. Every action is accompanied by a thought. There are two main ways of thinking; Thinking positively and thinking negatively. Frankly speaking thinking positively is much better for yourself and your surroundings. Any negative thought can have terrible consequences and this is one of the factors that prevents national unity. Jealousy is an imperfection that man has a role to play in the creation of negative thinking. For example a person can see his wife talking with a stranger. If the man thinks negatively about it, then consequences like fighting may lead to divorce; now if the couple has children just imagine through which

Report of the Leadership Camp Essay

On the 27th- 29th, Co-curricular Unit of SMK Tun Mamat organised a Leadership Camp at Perimbun Resort , Cheras. The camp was attended by all presidents and secretaries of the various clubs in school. About 72 participants include facilitators joined this three days camp. Its objective is to install leadership qualities and to improve teamwork among presidents and secretaries of various clubs. Youth leaders from local university are invite to be facilitators along this three days camp. Facilitators are invited from local university, known as University Kebangsaan Malaysia (UKM). During this three days camp, several activities are arranged for participants. On the first day, after the registration of participants a briefing about the camp was given by facilitators. After that, participants were setting up tents. Then, participants were distributed among several groups and group activities were held. By participate in group activities, one can improve the leadership qualities such as group leader quality and also teamwork. Leader of the group should have a clear vision of what they want their team to achieve. Not only must there be an awareness of this common goal of the group but it must also be shared and agreed upon with the other members of the team. On the second day morning , it was a morning exercise. Some survivals skills are explained by facilitators.Those survival skills are important to all presidents and secretaries of clubs. In this camp , some of the important attributes that go into producing a good leader were highlighted. Such us , understand that every team member is different , be a model . An effective leader should firm the team up by having team and individual meetings to inspire and motivate team members. This can be done when a member of club representing to a competition. During the night , participants go on a ten-mile hike. The last day of the camp is the most memorable part . On the third day , there was a feedback session whereby participants have been asked about the camp. The co-curricular unit of SMK Tun Mamat was able to carry out this camp successfully because of the high commitment and dedication of all teachers and students.

Free Essays on Multiple Sclerosis (MS)

Multiple Sclerosis (MS) is a chronic, often disabling disease that randomly attacks the central nervous system (brain and spinal cord). The progress, severity and specific symptoms of the disease can not be predicted; symptoms may range from tingling and numbness to paralysis and blindness. MS is a devastating disease because people live with its unpredictable physical and emotional effects for the rest of their lives. MS is a well-known disease, but poorly understood. In the United States there are approximately 200 new cases diagnosed each week; MS is a common disease and not always caused by genetics. Therefore, I feel we all need to have a better understanding of this disease that has no cure yet. I hope to make MS more understanding in my paper. In my paper I will explain what MS is, who gets MS, what MS has to do with the metabolism, some new techniques being used to pinpoint genetic factors, what some of the symptoms of MS is, and some treatments for MS. Multiple Sclerosis Mul tiple sclerosis (MS) is a progressive disabling illness that affects nerve cells in the brain and spinal cord (Bernard). Under normal conditions these nerve cells are surrounded by an insulating sheath made of fatty "myelin," which speeds the passage of nerve impulses. In MS, this myelin sheath is inflamed or damaged, disrupting nerve impulses and leaving areas of scarring (sclerosis). The disruption of nerve signals within the brain and spinal cord causes a variety of symptoms that may affect vision, sensation, and body movements. â€Å"These symptoms usually wax and wane through a series of relapses (episodes when symptoms suddenly get worse) alternating with remissions (periods of recovery, when symptoms improve).† (Brunnscheiler) For many patients, a long history of MS attacks over several decades leads to slowly progressing disability, but for others the disability is more rapid and severe. MS is a life-long chronic disease diagnosed primarily in young a... Free Essays on Multiple Sclerosis (MS) Free Essays on Multiple Sclerosis (MS) Multiple Sclerosis (MS) is a chronic, often disabling disease that randomly attacks the central nervous system (brain and spinal cord). The progress, severity and specific symptoms of the disease can not be predicted; symptoms may range from tingling and numbness to paralysis and blindness. MS is a devastating disease because people live with its unpredictable physical and emotional effects for the rest of their lives. MS is a well-known disease, but poorly understood. In the United States there are approximately 200 new cases diagnosed each week; MS is a common disease and not always caused by genetics. Therefore, I feel we all need to have a better understanding of this disease that has no cure yet. I hope to make MS more understanding in my paper. In my paper I will explain what MS is, who gets MS, what MS has to do with the metabolism, some new techniques being used to pinpoint genetic factors, what some of the symptoms of MS is, and some treatments for MS. Multiple Sclerosis Mul tiple sclerosis (MS) is a progressive disabling illness that affects nerve cells in the brain and spinal cord (Bernard). Under normal conditions these nerve cells are surrounded by an insulating sheath made of fatty "myelin," which speeds the passage of nerve impulses. In MS, this myelin sheath is inflamed or damaged, disrupting nerve impulses and leaving areas of scarring (sclerosis). The disruption of nerve signals within the brain and spinal cord causes a variety of symptoms that may affect vision, sensation, and body movements. â€Å"These symptoms usually wax and wane through a series of relapses (episodes when symptoms suddenly get worse) alternating with remissions (periods of recovery, when symptoms improve).† (Brunnscheiler) For many patients, a long history of MS attacks over several decades leads to slowly progressing disability, but for others the disability is more rapid and severe. MS is a life-long chronic disease diagnosed primarily in young a...

Exercises

Exercises er Canstar Cannex, Joshua Zenas, says a car purchase isn't regarded as good debt because the borrowing isn't for something that will appreciate in value (Parker, 2010). It may thus be wise to avoid or minimize borrowing money to purchase a car. Obringer suggests the following sources of finance: dealership, bank or credit union, online financial institution, home equity loan, family member or friend (Obringer, 2013). Exercise 4: Explain how the European Commission, European governments and the ECB have responded to the sovereign debt crisis affecting Euro-based economies? The European Commission has created guides with regards to aiding European countries who urgently need help. The Commissions focus is on responding to peoples needs, targeting those in real need and improving peoples integration into society (A stronger safety net for those in need, 2013). On the other hand, European governments, led by the European Union, have reportedly been concentrating on the bailing out of the countries with struggling economies such as Greece, Ireland and Portugal. These countries were granted billions of Euros of loans to help bring back their economies to stability. The European Central Bank, led by its president Mario Draghi, has declared to grant loans with the lowest interest rates to European nations (Kenny, 2013). Exercise 5: The Closed Fund is a closed-end investment fund company with an investment portfolio company currently worth $200m. It has liabilities of $30 million and 5 million shares outstanding. What is the NAV of the fund? If the fund sells at $36 per share, what is the premium/ discount as a percentage of the NAV? Net Asset Value is equal to the sum of market value of all the securities and cash and equivalent holdings, less the fund liabilities, divided by the total outstanding fund shares. Using the formula, the NAV for the fund would be $34, given that the company is worth $200 million with liabilities of $30 million and 5 million in shares. If the fund sells at $36 per share, then the premium/discount as a percentage of the NAV is 5.56%. Exercise 6: Consider a mutual fund with $200 million in assets and 10 million shares outstanding at the start of the year. The fund invests in a portfolio of stocks which provides a dividend income at the end of the year of $2 million. The stocks included in the portfolio increase in price by 18% during the year, but no securities are sold and there is no capital distribution. The fund charges management fees of 1% based on the year end portfolio asset value. What is the NAV at the start and the end of the year? What is the rate of return for the investor? The Net Asset Value at the beginning of the year is equal to $200 million in assets, less than liabilities, divided by 10 million shares. Since there was no value for the liabilities mentioned, the NAV then is $20 at the beginning of the year. Given that the fund charges management fees of 1% based on the year end portfolio asset value, the NAV at the end of the year is $19.80 since 1% of $20 is $0.20. The fund then invests $2 million in a portfolio of stocks, in which the value increases by 18% at the end of the year. Using the formula for Rate of Return on Investments, the rate would still be 18%. Exercise 7: You purchased 1,000 shares in New Fund at a price of $20 per share at the start of the year. You paid an entry fee of 4%. The securities in which the fund invests have increased in value by 12% during the year. The fund has incurred expenses (including management fees) of 1.2% of its assets (on an average basis) during the year. What is your rate of return and actual gain if you sell your shares at the end of the year? The buyer has initially purchased a total of $20,000 in shares. Paying the 4% entry fee would cost him another $800. During the year, the fund has incurred expenses of 1.2% of its assets, which amounts to $240. At the end of the year, the securities that the fund invested in would increase by 12%, which would be equal to $22,400. The rate of return on investment would be 6.46% and the actual gain would be $1,360.

Development of the cotton economy in the South 1776-1860 Essay

Development of the cotton economy in the South 1776-1860 - Essay Example The Northern merchants reaped huge gains from cotton trade as they were engaged in buying cotton from farmers and exporting it to England in exchange for manufactured products. According to Seavoy (184), the trade business in North American states was actually an international affair as those in the North would export to foreign markets the cotton they had bought from the southern farmers. The economic success for both the north and south lay on the support of the southern slaves, which saw the emergence of capitalism, slavery/ forced labor and the civil war. This paper looks at the impacts of cotton farming and the long term effects it had on the American history. Development of the cotton economy in the South The economy of North America and South America differed in that the northerners chose manufacturing system while the southerners chose landowning aristocracy. The aristocratic federal system allowed a high degree of independence as labor was drawn from various fronts. Demand f or labor rose sharply in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries in both North and South America. Northern immigrants came from Europe and were excellently absorbed into society while Southern immigrants came from Africa and they were not absorbed. ... They were sold to Southern American planters. Instead of paying the immigrants themselves, planters in the South paid the ship captains. Due to capitalism, the planters overworked the immigrants in order to pay higher prices to ship captains. Southern immigrants as well as their children became slaves for their entire lives. The slaves were increasingly used to grow cotton in the South. Cotton accounted for fifty percent of all American exports and the South generated more than fifty percent of the global supply of cotton in 1840. This enormous production, as Walton and Rockoff, (p 125) and say held many foreign countries in partial repression. By then, Britain was the leader in terms of industrial power, and its most pertinent manufacture was cotton cloth. Southerners repressed nations like Britain as they perfectly knew that Britain was attached to them mostly by raw cotton. This dependence gave them an invigorating sense of power. The South grew rapidly as a result of cotton and d iversified agriculture. The rapacious craving for cotton in Lancashire matched the increasing production in the South driven by vitality of slave institutions and availability of cotton growing land. The immorality of enslaving Africans has continuously haunted American economic history. African enslavement became a prime factor in antebellum politics and a pertinent aspect in the civil war. Even today, the role of blacks in American history and economy persists. The antebellum Southern encounter was largely as a result of peculiar slavery institution. Cotton economy restrains industrialization in the south Cotton economy in the South

Create a Design for a Wireless Campus Area Network Essay

Create a Design for a Wireless Campus Area Network - Essay Example Lot of learning institutes has implemented a Campus area network. The campus area network connects to two or more local area networks of any two remote offices within limited geographical locations. The connectivity involves synchronization of data and applications such as intranet (Campus area network.2007).The network devices and computing equipments have to be reliable and extendable, if the faculty staff increases. The network design for the CAM requires an expandable and efficient network that will fulfill the requirements of speed, distance and cost. Radio Frequency Solution The radio frequency solution is quite achievable in the current scenario. As the city government offices require wireless connectivity ‘access points’ are of major concern. ‘Access points’ are the deployed to connect devices equipped with wireless technology. ‘Access points’ transmits and receive radio signals adjacent to a network hub over a limited distance. However, distance varies from different model types and the technology adopted. An IEEE 802.11n wireless network standard is recommended for connecting all the city government offices. 802.11n supports transmission speeds up to 150 Mbps and beyond. 802.11n works on 2.4 GHz and 5 GHz frequency bands (802.11n definition from PC magazine encyclopedia). Cisco is recommended for the Wi-Fi solution.

Case Study- Marks & Spencer Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Case Study- Marks & Spencer - Essay Example Case Study- Marks & Spencer Despite new policies being made and brand’s shares overtaking the UK general retail index since 2009, M&S still fails to be a hit around the globe. I think this is because save cost savings, little improvement is made in financial performance with majority of customers who approach M&S stores belonging to old age group. This is one of the main shortcomings of the company that it fails to attract younger people especially women to its stores and this is an area where more work needs to be done by M&S management in order to compensate for the fall in profits. A growing body of arguments attempts to find out what exactly M&S should do to combat falling fashion sales which despite different policies and many changes made within company, fail to reverse. People who ardently used to approach M&S stores for quality shopping experience now hesitate because apart from dwindling standard, there is also lack of innovation and flair in designs and patterns of clothes. This explains why M& S is currently relying more on food sales for annual profits as clothing sales continue to struggle. I think it would be a better future strategy if M&S decides to focus less on celebrity-laden advertising campaigns and invest more in bringing back the quality and originality in its clothing designs. It is reported that M&S CEO Bolland faces pressure from critics as the business reports consistent fall in clothing sales. (Thompson 2013). In contrast to cloth sales, M&S has made more progress as the most significant food retailer in the UK in terms of customer satisfaction. I think that same old arguments regarding performance and clothing sales will keep haunting M&S cloth stores in the coming years if the leaders do not make radical changes in the company. Employee empowerment is good but this is also true that M&S has suffered quite much as a result of deciding to distribute power to the lowest level possible. This decision started many of its store managers making many decisions on their own which were not very well-thought-out and negatively interfered with both fashion sales and customer loyalty. It is suggested that delivery of power to employees working on all levels is good but only if top management continues to heavily monitor all operations being performed. It is also recommended that people at top positions in the company who have power should establish a new healthy culture at M&S plc in an attempt to rid it of its constipated culture. This is the biggest challenge which should be analyzed in order to plummet down the rate of operation problems. Also, failure to meet profit targets is one of the primary issues encountered by the management. Several issues like poor relations with investors and suppliers, embarrassing boardroom arguments, failure to provide trendier clothes at lower prices, and more than necessary autonomy given to people working at low level are responsible for this. I think that as a way of

Properties of Gases Essay Example for Free

Properties of Gases Essay The purpose of this lab was to investigate and discover the physical and chemical properties of some gases. Throughout this lab the ability to identify if and when gasses were present was enhanced. During the first step of this lab, when obtaining the hydrogen from the mossy zinc and the hydrochloric acid, it took a lot longer than I thought it would for the water in the pipet to be displaced. I was tempted to remove the stopper and add another piece of zinc and see if that would make it go faster, but I did not want to interrupt the process. It seemed the longer that the mossy zinc was exposed to the hydrochloric acid the faster it dissolved and therefore more gas was produced. When the manganese and the hydrogen peroxide were exposed to each other there was much more fizzing produced than that of the zinc and the hydrochloric acid. I was surprised (although I don’t know why) that the lime water turned cloudy when exposed to breath. It is quite simple when you think about it that when you exhale you release carbon dioxide which as shown in the above data turns the lime water cloudy. Conclusion/Discussion During the course of this lab I learned a lot about the generation of gases. I was somewhat confused in the beginning about how to use some of the equipment for this lab. As the lab went on I figured it out and became much more comfortable with it. I thought some of the experiments were very informative and interesting. I especially liked the portions about reactions with a lit match or the glowing splint as it showed on a small scale if the gas produced was flammable or not. Questions A. Give two reasons why we fill the gas generator test tubes almost to the top with chemicals. 1. The first reason we fill the test tubes almost to the top with chemicals is so that the reaction between the two substances is high enough to the top to go through the rubber stopper and displace the water in the pipet and trap the gas. 2. The second reason is so that observations can be made easily about the reactions. If it was not almost completely filled we may have had to try to pick up the test tube or remove the tissue paper to make observations and this may have altered the results. B. What happens to the zinc in the hydrogen generation experiment? The zinc begins to slowly dissolve when exposed to the hydrochloric acid. The longer the zinc was submerged in the hydrochloric acid the faster it seemed to dissolve. C. What happens to the manganese in the oxygen generation experiment? The manganese produced large amounts of fizzing when exposed to the hydrogen peroxide. It was difficult to tell whether the manganese was actually dissolving or just fizzing. D. Write a balanced equation for the reaction between O2 and H2. 2H2 + O2 2H2O E. What is the function/purpose of the bromothymol blue in the CO2 experiment? The purpose of the bromothymol blue was to show the reaction of the chemicals and the gas that was formed. Since the bromothymol blue changed from blue to yellow, that signified that the gas formed was acidic. F. Bromothymol blue is blue in the presence of basic solutions, and yellow in the presence of acidic solutions. If your solution is a murky green, what might you assume about the solution? I would assume one of two things. There may have possibly been a contamination of the substance. The other possibility might be that the pH of the solution is neutral. If the bromothymol blue turns a murky green color this may indicate that the substance is neither basic or acidic.

The Character of Henry Higgins in Pygmalion Essay -- Character Analysi

Shaw has often been criticized for his inability to create well- developed round characters. His characters are usually seen as mere puppets propelled by the crisis of the plot or as mouthpieces for his socialist viewpoint. However in Pygmalion,, Shaw vindicates himself of these charges by the creation of rounded and life-like characters such as Higgins and Eliza. Clearly they are not authorial stooges. They have a peculiar quality that leaves a lasting imprint on the reader's memory. But there is some truth in the charge that Shaw created a mouthpiece for his own ideas and the character of Alfred Doolittle is a case in point. While Doolittle is undoubtedly a staple comic character, he is an artificial and flat one. Doolittle is there for a purpose - he serves Shaw's didactic needs. As such he is in the Dickens' vein of exaggeration. Doolittle's character is drawn for the sole purpose of ridiculing the Victorian philosophy of the "undeserving poor." One cannot imagine such a characte r existing in real life. On the whole, however, Pygmalion is peopled with imaginative and lively characters. While Higgins and Eliza are excellent, even the minor characters are well drawn. Henry Higgins Higgins is an extremely interesting character and the life of the play. Although the play's obvious concern is the metamorphosis of a common flower girl into a duchess, the development of Higgins' character is also important. The play isn't only Eliza's story. One also detects changes in Higgins or to be more precise he appears to the reader in a new light at the end. This is seen when he tells Eliza that he has grown accustomed to seeing her face and hearing her voice. This is not much of a sensitive display of emotions but it is quite diffe... ...ough the character of Higgins. It is obvious that Higgins's manners are not much better than those of the Covent Garden flower girl. In fact Higgins comes off much worse because of the fact that he has had all the civilizing benefits of wealth and education yet he is rude to the point of being boorish and ill mannered, is given to frequent inflammatory outbursts, and possesses abominable table manners. The fact that such an ill- mannered person is accepted by society as a "gentleman" provides Shaw with an opportunity to expose the shallowness and hypocrisy of such a society. Shaw thus critiques a society that views wealth and the ability to speak correctly as the constitutive criteria of a prescriptive gentleman. It is one of Shaw's master ironic strokes to make such a rude and boorish egotistical bully the main agent for transforming a common flower girl into a lady.

Adults and Children as Learners Essay -- Education Psychology Essays

Adults and Children as Learners Teaching adults should be different if adults learn differently than children do. Theories or perspectives on adult learning, such as andragogy, make a number of assertions about the characteristics of adults as learners: adults need learning to be meaningful; they are autonomous, independent, and self-directed; prior experiences are a rich learning resource; their readiness to learn is associated with a transition point or a need to perform a task; their orientation is centered on problems, not content; they are intrinsically motivated; their participation in learning is voluntary (Draper 1998; Sipe 2001; Tice 1997; Titmus 1999). For some, "the major difference between adults and younger learners is the wealth of their experience" (Taylor, Marienau, and Fiddler 2000, p. 7). For others, the capacity for critical thinking or transformative learning is what distinguishes adults (Vaske 2001). In contrast, pedagogy assumes that the child learner is a dependent personality, has limited ex perience, is ready to learn based on age level, is oriented to learning a particular subject matter, and is motivated by external rewards and punishment (Guffey and Rampp 1997; Sipe 2001). If there are indeed "distinctive characteristics of adults, on which claims for the uniqueness and coherence of adult education are based, then one might expect them to be taken into account in all organized education for adults" (Titmus 1999, p. 347). However, each of these characteristics is contested. Courtney et al. (1999) assert that "characteristics of adult learners" refers to a small number of identified factors with little empirical evidence to support them. Andragogy has been criticized for characterizing adults as w... ...ctions for Adult and Continuing Education no. 91, edited by C. A. Hansman and P. A. Sissel, pp. 17-27. San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass, Fall 2001. Smith, M. C., and Pourchot, T., eds. Adult Learning and Development. Perspectives from Educational Psychology. Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum, 1998. Taylor, K.; Marienau, C.; and Fiddler, M. Developing Adult Learners. San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass, 2000. Tice, E. T. "Educating Adults: A Matter of Balance." Adult Learning 9, no. 1 (Fall 1997): 18-21. Titmus, C. "Concepts and Practices of Education and Adult Education: Obstacles to Lifelong Education and Lifelong Learning?" International Journal of Lifelong Education 18, no. 5 (September-October 1999): 343-354. Vaske, J. M. "Critical Thinking in Adult Education: An Elusive Quest for a Definition of the Field." Ed.D. dissertation, Drake University, 2001. (ED 456 251)