Social Science Study Guide Free Essays

Study Guide: Intro to Social Sciences Anthropology: * How culture adds to the make-up of humankind * Science of individuals (beginning, order, circulation, races, physical character, culture) * Emphasis on social relativity, top to bottom assessment of setting and multifaceted examinations * Anthropologists: Ruth Benedict, Margaret Mead * Both quantitative and subjective techniques for research * Fields: Biological/physical humanities, Sociocultural human studies, prehistoric studies, anthropological etymology Sociology: Studies the activities of individuals inside a particular society * How individuals compose themselves in gatherings, establishments and affiliations * Fields: Demography, criminology, sexual orientation contemplates, social separation * Sociologists: Karl Marx, Emile Durkheim, Talcott Parsons, George H. Mead * Both quantitative and subjective exploration strategies Psychology: * Science of mental procedures of a gathering/individual * Used in advising to business * Fields: Developmental brain research, anomalous brain research, clinical brain research, social brain science, association brain science, psychological brain science, character, neuroscience. Clinicians: Sigmund Freud, Ivan Pavlov, B. We will compose a custom article test on Sociology Study Guide or on the other hand any comparable point just for you Request Now F. Skinner, Albert Bandura, John B Watson Sociology * One zone of society influences another straightforwardly or by implication * Ideology of society impacts marriage, financial matters, love, opportunity, legislative issues * Sociologists try to comprehend the convictions and estimations of the characters connecting inside the mind boggling society that is constantly being reproduced. KARL MARX (1818-1883) * Study society utilizing a logical technique to attempt to anticipate social results (Marxist hypothesis) * Production is fundamental for the progression of society A couple of people will control most of the assets and creation * Conflict in his hypothesis: division of social class one person’s status is raised while different laborers are compelled to bring in cash. * Labor Theory of Value: human beneficial force will be misused so as to augment benefits for the middle class. * Proletariat produces merchandise esteemed at more than they are being paid rich getting more extravagant. * Money is the main thrust in our general public * Businesses are exploiters, can't see positive nature of the middle class TALCOTT PARSONS (Structural Functionalism) * As much as things change they remain the equivalent Believed society will make structures inside itself that will help with its fundamental working necessities * Our general public will work to accomplish a homeostasis where harmony is accomplished * Every part of society adds to the fruitful capacity of another perspective. (Depends on one another) * When a framework separates, it is essential for different parts in the public eye to dominate or help the failing social structure. * Ex: Legal framework * Structural functionalism: Does NOT see social change; manages the support of a general public (looks for ordinariness, balance). GEORGE H. MEAD (Symbolic Interactionism) * Symbolic interactionism: Focuses on how people decipher (characterize) each other’s activities. Their reaction depends on the significance which they connect to such activities (not the activities straightforwardly). * Individuals take in and respond from collaborations inside a general public. * People impact their environmental factors and shape the advancement of a general public. * Society shapes the person as he/she is forming the general public. * Analyses from the â€Å"standpoint of correspondence as basic to the social order†, not singular brain research. Woman's rights Liberal Feminists: Examine social establishments, equivalent access to increment women’s impact on society. * Radical Feminists: Focus on the abuse of ladies. Look to change the man centric social structure through complete basic changes. * Marxist Feminists: Focus on women’s work being come up short on. * Social Feminists: Focus on the to pple of the free enterprise; trust it is the root issue of imbalance of genders. Fields Demography * Demography is the logical investigation of human populaces their size, structure and appropriation over a zone. * Fertility, mortality, and relocation. These three procedures impact how individuals possess the earth, structure countries and social orders, and how they create culture. Criminology * Criminology is the investigation of the criminal equity framework and the law authorization from a social and individual point of view. * Focuses on the conduct which may have made the criminal damage a law, and looks for its persuasions, regardless of whether it is mental, social or social. Sexual orientation Studies * Gender examines tries to break down sex character and gendered portrayal in the fields of brain science, political theory, social science, media contemplates, human advancement and so forth. Sex considers examines the physical and organic sexual orientation contrasts between genders, nationality and so on. Brain science * Study of human conduct. * Examines activities, reactions, how somebody responds under explicit conditions, how this individual influences society. SIGMUND FREUD * Creator of analysis * Human conduct is dri ven by wants and the concealment of these wants. * Mind has three regions: Conscious, Preconscious, Unconscious * Personality is motived by drives= Id (some portion of the oblivious psyche) * Superego= socially aware of all choices Ego= go between among Id and Superego * Too much Id= not stress over social duties; take part in perils, defying accepted practices. * Too much Superego= excessively uneasy, too stressed over social desires and rules * Freud see human advancement as advancing through phases of improvement where the principle strife manages an erogenous zone of the body. * Human advancement is comprehended regarding changing focal points of sexual want. B. F SKINNER (Operant Conditioning) * Interested in outward conduct; accepted that our character creates in view of outside occasions. He utilized a rodent examination to show the possibility of encouraging feedback; acclaim for good conduct has the most noteworthy possibility for creating long haul conduct change. * Humans build up their practices because of a lot of remunerations that advance exercises being rehashed and fortified. * Skinner accepts that Operant Conditioning is acceptable instrument to elevate a person to make changes in their conduct. IVAN PAVLOV (Classical Conditioning) * He needed to perceive how the psyche could be molded to cause the body to react to the chance of an occasion happening. * Ex: Salivation response of a canine to a meat powder ERIK ERIKSON (advancement stages table) Believed that at a specific phase of someone’s life there are assignments (achievements) to accomplish so as to have a sound turn of events. * Unlike Freud, he accepted that an individual can go through a phase and not get â€Å"stuck† at a specific degree of mental turn of events. Fields Developmental brain research: Developmental brain research is the study of contemplating formative development in people throughout their life expectancy from origination til' the very end. Neuroscience: Neuroscience brain science is an interdisciplinary field which applies the information and investigation of the sensory system, including the mind, spinal line and systems of tactile nerve cells. Anomalous brain science (aberrance): Abnormal brain science is the part of brain science that reviews freak (strange) conduct, feeling and thought. Character brain research: Personality brain research is a part of brain science that endeavors to decide how extraordinary character attributes and inclinations impact our contemplations, conduct and activities and makes every human remarkable. Clinical brain science: Clinical brain research is a part of brain research which applies logical, hypothetical and clinical information so as to evaluate, forestall, anticipate and to treat irregular conduct, ysfunction or mental issue so as to improve the individual’s prosperity and self-improvement. Social brain research: Social brain research is the investigation of individuals’ considerations, emotions and conduct and how they see and impact others. Hierarchical brain science: Organizational brain science is the logical investigation of representatives, working environments and o rganizations. Subjective brain research: Cognitive brain research is a part of brain research which considers the psychological procedures including how individuals learn, recall, think, see and take care of issues. Human sciences * Science of examining individuals and their way of life. Anthropologists offer significant conversation starters concerning the continuation of neediness, prejudice, brutality, and social imbalance around the globe. FUNCTIONALISM (Margaret Mead) * Understanding how social establishments fill social needs. * Every custom or practice in the public eye gives a type of dependability to the whole framework. * All parts of a societyâ€institutions, jobs, standards, and so forth â€serve a reason and that all are vital for the drawn out endurance of the general public. * Having built up laws, customs, and settled upon rehearses gives a feeling of consistency and soundness inside a general public. So as to comprehend a general public, analysts must comprehend the capacity of social establishments and their individual commitments to the soundness to their general public. * An evaluate of functionalism is that all establishments are considered to give soundness, when this isn't the situation. * Ex: The nearness of family viciousness produces unsteadiness in the way of life with a distinction in power among the diverse genders. STRUCTURALISM * Reinforcement of a standard or a worth expands the acknowledgment of the training inside a given society. * Cultures, saw as frameworks, are dissected as far as the auxiliary relations among their components. Structuralists accept that importance is created and repeated inside a culture through exercises and different practices that show their criticalness. * For instance, North American culture esteems the idea of sentimental love and dear fellowship. This social thought is fortified through media and national festivals.

Comparison of the Terms in Debates

Examination of the Terms in Debates There are numerous ideas that are as often as possible utilized and abused by individuals in discussions or discussions. Among them one can single out such terms as realities, data, information, information, and comprehension. Some of them, for example, realities and data are frequently seen as tradable thoughts, despite the fact that they can have critical differences.Advertising We will compose a custom exposition test on Comparison of the Terms in Debates explicitly for you for just $16.05 $11/page Learn More This paper will look at their importance of these ideas and clarify how they vary from each other and what sort of likenesses they have. This conversation can feature a portion of the significant confusions of about these ideas and demonstrate how they should be applied in discussion or composed discourse. As a matter of first importance, such term as reality can be comprehended as an undeniable truth that has been demonstrated in an intelligent or experimental manner. Genera lly, it is a perception that has been tried and validated by target strategies. For example, the explanation that World War I started in 1914 can be known as a reality. This thought ought not be mistaken for such word as information. This idea implies a progression of estimations and perceptions that can be either obvious or false. This is the fundamental differentiation among realities and information. Notwithstanding, these terms do have some likeness. They are not extremely significant on the off chance that they are not organized or requested with a specific goal in mind. Indeed they are not generally placed in a particular setting. Hence, one can go to the third significant idea, in particular data. It very well may be characterized as the grouping of realities or information that make them mean since they have been requested or composed. As it were, they can be comprehended as a message by an individual. Thus, such ideas as information and comprehension are likewise fundamenta lly the same as however not tradable. The term information implies the condition of mindfulness about something. For example, an individual can know certain data or separate realities. All the more critically, the individual in question can even apply this information. For example, individuals can know and apply scientific equations or calculations, be that as it may, they can't generally explain why these recipes work. This is the reason such thought as understanding is increasingly mind boggling. It implies that an individual doesn't just know certain data, yet can assess it and decide if it is valid or false. For instance, a few people realize scientific equations as well as explain why they are substantial. The term seeing likewise suggests the capacity to see causal connection between realities or occasions. Subsequently, this thought has a more extensive importance and individuals ought to have the option to recognize knowing and seeing, particularly when they banter about som ething.Advertising Looking for article on talk? We should check whether we can support you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More This conversation of these ideas is significant in light of the fact that it shows that they can't generally be utilized compatible even regardless of their similitudes. For example, when individuals talk about information, they ought not accept that these information are in every case valid. Additionally, separate realities can't be seen as data since they are frequently good for nothing. Moreover, individuals ought to recollect that information isn't equivalent to comprehension since understanding implies that an individual can decipher explicit realities and clarify why they are valid. The issue is that these terms are regularly utilized in political, financial, or social discussions. Also, a few people can control these terms so as to influence the crowd. An individual, who can see the qualification between them, can more readily oppose such co ntrol and distinguish imperfect contentions.

Infrastructure Security of Agricultural and Food Research Paper

Framework Security of Agricultural and Food - Research Paper Example Division of Agriculture and the Department of Health and Human Services' Food and Drug Administration at the government level. So as to work well for the country, the area should be viably related and subject to different parts that incorporate water, transportation, vitality, banking and fund, synthetic, and dams (Food and Agriculture Sector: Critical Infrastructure, 2012). The current examination centers around the infrastructural security of nourishment and agribusiness which are basic for effective support of the individuals in a country. Foundation Protection and the U.S. Nourishment and Agriculture Sector: In the ongoing years, quite a bit of consideration has been considered concerning the dread of fear mongering in a nation like the US. Farming in such manner has been seen to have gotten lesser consideration and concern. â€Å"Indeed, as far as precise risk appraisals, reaction structures and readiness activities, the part keeps on existing as a glaring special case to the w ide-going accentuation that has been given to basic foundation security in this country† (Chalk, 2001, p.2). Agro fear based oppression involves genuine worry as for the security of nourishment and agribusiness framework. ... There is an expanding pace of the powerlessness of livestock to illnesses. Countless operators are found to exist that are deadly and profoundly irresistible to creatures. The cultivating rehearses in the nation can be acknowledged to be of exceptionally escalated and focused as can be reflected from the effectiveness and quickness with which creatures are defenseless against infections. This accordingly requires successful safety efforts of framework insurance. Absence of inward quality control, expanded creation of hereditarily altered items are different variables making the nourishment and horticulture segment in the nation powerless to agro-fear based oppression and more significant levels of uncertainty (Chalk, 2001, pp.3-5). Infrastructural Security of Agriculture and Food: National Infrastructure Protection Plan: Under the National Protection Plan of the foundation of farming and nourishment, the USDA or U.S. Division of Agriculture has huge tasks to carry out. One of its mos t significant jobs is to guarantee that the nourishments and dress of the individuals of the country are met as a general rule. It is accountable for directing the nation’s 192 million sections of land of national timberlands and rangelands. It is additionally the biggest protection office of the nation and urges intentional endeavors to take care of soil, water, and untamed life on 70 percent of America’s lands that are heavily influenced by private possessions. The security of around 80 percent of the nourishment devoured in the nation is under the obligation of the FDA. It imparts its duty to Federal, State, and neighborhood organizations; controlled industry; the scholarly world; wellbeing suppliers; and purchasers. â€Å"The Agriculture and Food Sector is needy upon: the Drinking Water and Wastewater Treatment Systems Sector for clean water system and handled

Java Inventory Program 1-3 - Free Essay Example

Instructions: This document contains the tutorials for Inventory programs 1-3. These programs will be separated by pages between each program in addition to being color coded. NOTE: This information will need to be copy and pasted into a notepad document. For your own benefit, please do not plagiarize this work. // Inventory program part 1 Inventory1. java // // A product class that stores and makes the name of the product, the item number, the number of units in stock, and the price of each unit retrievable. // Java app. that displays the product name, the item number, price of each unit, and the value of inventory. mport java. util. Scanner; import java. text. NumberFormat; import java. text. DecimalFormat; class Product { private String name; // product name private int number; // product part number private double price; // product unit price private int quantity; // products in stock public Product(String N, int Num, double P, int Q) // Constructor { name = N; number = Num; pric e = P; quantity = Q; } // Getters and setters public void setName(String N) // method to set product name { name = N; } public String getName() // method to get product name { return name; } ublic void setNumber(int Num) // method to set part number { number = Num; } public int getNumber() // method to get part number { return number; } public void setPrice(double P) // method to set unit price { price = P; } public double getPrice() // method to get unit price { return price; } public void setQuantity(int Q) // method to set product quantity { quantity = Q; } public int getQuantity() // method to get product quantity { return quantity; } public double getTotalPrice() // return the total value of the inventory { double TotalPrice = quantity * price; eturn TotalPrice; } } // End class product public class Inventory1 { // starts execution of Inventory program public static void main(String args[]) { // create Scanner to obtain input from command window Scanner input = new Scanner(Syst em. in); // create NumberFormat to obtain input from command window NumberFormat currency = new DecimalFormat(u00A4 #. 00); System. out. println(); // outputs a blank line System. out. print(Enter the name of the product: ); // prompt for name of product String N = input. nextLine(); // read product name from user System. out. println(); // outputs a blank line System. out. println(); // outputs a blank line System. out. print(Enter the product number for the product: ); // prompt for product number int Num = input. nextInt(); // read product number from user System. out. println(); // outputs a blank line System. out. println(); // outputs a blank line System. out. print(Enter the unit price for the product: $ ); // prompt for unit price double P = input. nextDouble(); //read product unit price from user System. out. println(); // outputs a blank line System. out. rintln(); // outputs a blank line System. out. print(Enter number of units of product in stock: ); // prompt for num ber of units in stock int Q = input. nextInt(); // read number of units in stock System. out. println(); // outputs a blank line double TotalPrice = Q * P; System. out. println(); // outputs a blank line System. out. println(Product name: + N); System. out. println(); // outputs blank line System. out. println(Product number: + Num); System. out. println(); // outputs blank line System. out. println(Products unit price: + currency. format(P)); System. out. println(); // outputs blank line System. out. println(The value of the inventory is + currency. format(TotalPrice)); } // End method main } // End class Inventory1 // Inventory program part 2 Inventory2. java // // Uses a method to calculate the value of the entire inventory // Uses another method to sort the array items by the name of the product // Output displays all product information as well as value of entire inventory import java. util. *; import java. text. NumberFormat; import java. text. DecimalFormat; class Produ ct implements Comparable { rivate String name; // class variable that stores the item name private int number; // class variable that stores the item number private int quantity; // class variable that stores the quantity in stock private double price; // class variable that stores the item price public Product(String N, int Num, int Q, double P) // Constructor for the Supplies class { name = N; number = Num; quantity = Q; price = P; } // Getters and setters public void setName(String N) // method to set product name { name = N; } public String getName() // method to get product name { return name; } ublic void setNumber(int Num) // method to set part number { number = Num; } public int getNumber() // method to get part number { return number; } public void setPrice(double P) // method to set unit price { price = P; } public double getPrice() // method to get unit price { return price; } public void setQuantity(int Q) // method to set product quantity { quantity = Q; } public int ge tQuantity() // method to get product quantity { return quantity; } public double calculateInventoryValue() // method to calculate the value of the inventory { return price * quantity; } // sorts Products by their product name. ublic int compareTo (Object o) { Product s = (Product)o; return name. compareTo(s. getName()); } public String toString() // returns a string representation of the product information { System. out. println(); return Name: +name+ Number: +number+ Price: $ + price + Quantity: +quantity+ Value: $ +calculateInventoryValue(); } } // End class product public class Inventory2 { // main methods begins execution of java application public static void main( String args[]) { Product[] supplies = new Product[6]; // create array of office supllies // inventory of office supplies Product p1 = new Product(Pens, 1, 76, . 5); Product p2 = new Product(Markers, 2, 43, 1. 00); Product p3 = new Product(White-out, 3, 17, 2. 00); Product p4 = new Product(Pencils, 4, 91, . 15) ; Product p5 = new Product(Crayons, 5, 62, . 99); Product p6 = new Product(Paint Set, 6, 12, 19. 99); supplies[0] = p1; supplies[1] = p2; supplies[2] = p3; supplies[3] = p4; supplies[4] = p5; supplies[5] = p6; double total = 0. 0; for(int i= 0; i 6;i++) { total = total + supplies[i]. calculateInventoryValue(); } // Display the total value of the inventory on the screen System. out. printf(Total value of the entire inventory is: $ %. f, total); System. out. println(); Arrays. sort(supplies); for(Product s: supplies) { System. out. println(s); System. out. println(); } } // end main method }//end class Inventory2 //Inventory Program Part 3 Inventory3. java // //Uses a subclass that adds an additional feature //Uses a method in the subclass to calculate the value of the inventory and adds a 5% restocking fee //to the value of each product //Displays output, sorted by name, including additional feature and 5% restocking fee class Inventory { String number; //stores product number Strin g name; //stores product name nt quantity; //stores quanity in stock double price; //stores product price double restockFee; //stores product restocking fee public Inventory(String Num, String N, int Q, double P, double F) { name = N; number = Num; quantity = Q; price = P; restockFee = F; } public void setName(String N) //Method to set and get the product name { name = N; } public String getName() { return name; } public void setNumber(String Num) //Method to set and get the product number { number = Num; } public String getNumber() { return number; } public void setQuantity(int Q) //Method to set and get the quantity in stock { quantity = Q; public int getQuantity() { return quantity; } public void setPrice(double P) //Method to set and get the price of product { price = P; } public double getPrice() { return price; } public void setRestockFee(double F) //Method to set and get the product restocking fee { restockFee = F; } public double getRestockFee() { return restockFee; } public double getInventoryValue() //Method to calculate the value of the in stock inventory { return price * quantity; } public static double getTotalValueOfAllInventory(Inventory [] inv) { double tot = 0. 00; for(int i = 0; i inv. length; i++) { tot += inv[i]. etInventoryValue(); } return tot; } public String toString() { return Product Name: +name + Product Number: +number+ Product Price: $+price+ Quantity in Stock: +quantity + Inventory Value: $+getInventoryValue(); } } // end Inventory Class class Product extends Inventory { String brand;// Subclass to add the products name brand double restockFee;// Restock fee to add to the inventory value // initialize constructor public Product(String brand, double restockFee, String Num, String N, int Q, double P, double F) { super(Num, N, Q, P, F); this. brand = brand; this. restockFee = restockFee; } ublic double getInventoryValue() // Figures total inventory value including restocking fee { return super. getInventoryValue() + (super. ge tInventoryValue() * restockFee); } public String toString() { StringBuffer sb = new StringBuffer( Brand: ). append(brand). append( ); sb. append(super. toString()); return sb. toString(); } } // End Product Class public class Inventory3 { public static void main(String args[]) { double restockFee = 0. 05; Product[] inventory = new Product[6]; //create array of Office Supplies inventory[0] = new Product(Gel Glide , restockFee, 1,Rollerball Pens , 26, 1. 00, . 5 ); inventory[1] = new Product(Sharpie , restockFee, 2,Markers , 23, 2. 00, 0. 10 ); inventory[2] = new Product(Bic, restockFee, 3,White-out, 7, 3. 00, . 15); inventory[3] = new Product(Generic, restockFee,4,Lead Pencils , 12, 4. 00, . 20); inventory[4] = new Product(Crayola, restockFee, 5, Crayons, 12, 5. 00, . 25); inventory[5] = new Product(Rose Art, restockFee, 6, Paint Set, 12, 6. 00, . 30); Product temp[] = new Product[1]; System. out. print( Thank you for using Office Supply Inventory Program ); // display title Syst em. out. println(); System. ut. println(); // Sorting the Inventory Information for(int j = 0; j inventory. length 1; j++) { for(int k = 0; k inventory. length 1; k++) { if(inventory[k]. getName(). compareToIgnoreCase(inventory[k+1]. getName()) 0) { temp[0] = inventory[k]; inventory[k] = inventory[k+1]; inventory[k+1] = temp[0]; } } } // Print the Inventory Information for(int j = 0; j inventory. length; j++) { System. out. println(inventory[j]. toString()); } System. out. printf( Total inventory value: $%. 2f , Inventory. getTotalValueOfAllInventory(inventory)); return; } } // End Inventory3 Class

How to Take Good News Interview Notes

Even in an age of digital voice recorders, a reporter’s notebook and pen are still necessary tools for print and online journalists. Voice recorders are great for capturing every quote accurately, but transcribing interviews from them can often take too long, especially when you’re on a tight deadline. (Read more about voice recorders vs. notebooks here.) Still, many beginning reporters complain that with a notepad and pen they can never take down everything a source says in an interview, and they worry about writing fast enough in order to get quotes exactly right. So here are five tips for taking good notes. 1. Be Thorough – But Not Stenographic You always want to take the most thorough notes possible. But remember, you’re not a stenographer. You don’t have to take down absolutely everything a source says. Keep in mind that you’re probably not going to use everything they say in your story. So don’t worry if you miss a few things here and there. 2. Jot Down the ‘Good’ Quotes Watch an experienced reporter doing an interview, and you’ll probably notice that she isn’t constantly scribbling notes. That’s because seasoned reporters learn to listen for the â€Å"good quotes† – the ones they’re likely to use - and not worry about the rest. The more interviews you do, the better you’ll get at writing down the best quotes, and at filtering out the rest. 3. Be Accurate - But Don’t Sweat Every Word You always want to be as accurate as possible when taking notes. But don’t worry if you miss a â€Å"the,† â€Å"and,† â€Å"but† or â€Å"also† here and there. No one expects you to get every quote exactly right, word-for-word, especially when you’re on a tight deadline, doing interviews at the scene of a breaking news event. It IS important to be accurate get the meaning of what someone says. So if they say, â€Å"I hate the new law,† you certainly don’t want to quote them as saying they love it. Also, when writing your story, don’t be afraid to paraphrase (put in your own words) something a source says if you’re not sure you got the quote exactly right. 4. Repeat That, Please If an interview subject talks fast or if you think you misheard something they said, don’t be afraid to ask them to repeat it. This can also be a good rule of thumb if a source says something especially provocative or controversial. â€Å"Let me get this straight – are you saying that†¦Ã¢â‚¬  is something reporters are often heard to say during interviews. Asking a source to repeat something is also a good idea if youre not sure you understand what theyve said, or if theyve said something in a really jargony, overly complicated way. For instance, if a police officer tells you a suspect made egress from the domicile and was apprehended following a foot chase, ask him to put that into plain English, which will probably be something to the effect of, the suspect ran out of the house. We ran after him and caught him. Thats a better quote for your story and one thats easier to take down in your notes. 5. Highlight the Good Stuff Once the interview is done, go back over your notes and use a checkmark to highlight the main points and quotes that you’re most likely to use. Do this right after the interview when your notes are still fresh.

Bobs Meltdown Case Analysis - 1471 Words

Q.1 – Briefly describe the dilemma presented in this case study. Who are the key players and what are some of the antecedents that have led to the present problem? Ans. When the best manager, takes certain actions which go against the core values of the company, it becomes really difficult for the management to make a fair judgement. They are stuck in a dilemma of what would be a better judgement. As a leader, it is very important to be fair and impartial to your team members. And so is the dilemma presented in the case, Bob’s Meltdown, Nicholas G. Carr. The key players in this case are1. Annette Innella 2. Robert Dunn 3. Jay Nguyen Annette Innella is the Vice President, Knowledge Management at Concord Machines. She was recently hired by†¦show more content†¦He is in a huge dilemma and feels he might be held accountable for the current problem. The antecedents that might have lead to the whole scenario are1- Bob has been under a lot of work pressure, as a quart er million had been taken out of his budget, and he had to travel very often for work purpose. 2- Jay did not give Annette a proper orientation to the company, and its culture. He should have also introduced her to all the VPs and other important personnel of the company. 3- Bob was facing certain problems in his personal life, which triggered his anger. 4- Bob was being be threatened by Annette’s new ideas. 5- Annette did not use a proper communication channel. 6- Jay lacked communication skills. 7- Jay is not a good leader. He was very ambivalent. He did not have his fundamental objectives well stated, and did not communicate his concerns to the employees senior managers. Therefore, all these incidents summed up, and lead to the present problem. Q2. Describe the corporate culture of Concord machines. Is the corporate culture of the company in any way linked to the ethical dilemma presented in the case? Explain. Ans. The corporate culture of Concord machines can be best described using the Douglasian Cultural Framework (1970), given by Mary Douglas. According to DCF, culture can be classified using two social dimensions: group and grid. The horizontal group axis representsShow MoreRelatedManagement Department At Concord Machines1650 Words   |  7 PagesAnnette became speechless as Bob starts ranting about how she does not know anything about Concord Machines and she’s ruining the company. Before he rushes out of the cafeteria he throws his plate into the wall making an awful mess. On account of Bob’s ridiculous stunt, Annette lost her appetite. Alex knew it was best to kindly escort her back to her office. While in her office, she speaks with Nathan Singer, the head of HR and eventually received a call from the CEO after word got back to him.Read MoreCase Commentary10898 Words   |  44 PagesUniversity College Cork Review www.ucc.ie Case commentary provided on: Do Something-He’s About to Snap by Eileen Roche Big Shoes to Fill by Michael Beer Bob’s Meltdown by Nicholas G. Carr We Googled You by Diane Coutu When Steve Becomes Stephanie by Loren Gary and Brian Elliot Moonlighter by Bronwyn Fryer Micromanager by Bronwyn Fryer All the Wrong Moves by David A. Garvin Riding the Celtic Tiger by Eileen Roche The Best of Intentions by John Humphreys Steve Carmody HumanRead MoreAccounting12472 Words   |  50 PagesErnst Young â€Å"Business Leaders of Tomorrow† Case Contest Bigg Glowbell (BG) Case Study Table of Contents Table of Contents ................................................................................................................................................ 1 Assignment Background .................................................................................................................................. 2 Bigg-Glowbell Overview ..................................................Read MoreProject Mgmt296381 Words   |  1186 PagesLeadership Chapter 2 Organization Strategy and Project Selection 1.4 Projects and programs (.2) 1.4.1 Managing the portfolio 1.4.3 Strategy and projects 2.3 Stakeholders and review boards 12.1 RFP’s and vendor selection (.3.4.5) 11.2.2.6 SWAT analysis 6.5.2.7 Schedule compression 9.4.2.5 Leadership skills G.1 Project leadership 10.1 Stakeholder management Chapter 11 Teams Chapter 3 Organization: Structure and Culture 2.4.1 Organization cultures [G.7] 2.4.2 Organization structure

Graph Visualization Review Paper for Graphics-myassignmenthelp

Question: Discuss aboit theGraph Visualization Review Paper for Graphics. Answer: Introduction: The review is done on the article Graph Visualization and Navigation in Information Visualization: A Survey. The review is done mainly to study briefly about Graph Visualization in Information Visualization. The main issue that is related with Graph Visualization is reviewed from the article and different layouts of Graph Visualization (Herman, Melanon, and Marshall 2000). The technical approach of Graph Visualization is done and their pros and cons in terms of computational cost, aesthetics rules and process of human recognition are reviewed from the article and the navigation techniques Graph Visualization is also reviewed. Graph Visualization definition and related issues: Information Visualization gets great advantage from Graph Visualization. Transforming some information into a graphical representation makes the data more highlighting and accurate. The process by which structural information can be transformed into diagram is known as Graph Visualization. In computer system, Graph Visualization is considered as file hierarchy. There are issues to represent structured into graphs or diagrams. The main issue that arises from Graph Visualization is the difficult to view the diagram. Large diagrams are difficult to manage and study. To view such a large diagram is time taking and gives rise to many issues. In large graphical diagrams, identifying and displaying the layouts is done correctly but problem arises with the usability which makes it difficult to make a difference between nodes and edges. On the other hand, there is a different view for graphs that are small sized. Small size graphs are easy to comprehend and handle. Large graph shows all the detail structure of data but are difficult to comprehend. So the main issue lies in the comprehension process of Graph Visualization that has larger images. To detail the data in small images are easier but most of the graph comes as large images which creates an issue for comprehension. Tree layouts of Graph Visualization and their categories: Mainly four layouts of Graph Visualization are described in the article. The four categories of Graph Visualization are spanning tree layout, horizontal tree layout, classical tree layout and spanning tree layout. The four layout of Graph Visualization can be categorized under three sections. The sections are classical or traditional section, tree spanning section and horizontal 3-D section. The elements that are present in the traditional section of layout have elements like H-Tree, balloon layout and radial layout. The first three layouts that is used for information visualization are categorized mainly into traditional form. The three layout of Graph Visualization are applicable as less or non hierarchical due to which they can also be defined as classical ones. Comparing traditional layout with the spanning tree layout, spanning tree is considered as most important layout of tree. There is a main reason for which 3-D layout and the hyperbolic layout of the tree structure is combi ned together. The reason behind this is that with the help of 3-D graphing, the layout of hyperbolic tree represents the data in a proper way. Main Technical features of each approach: The main feature that is related with technical aspect of traditional tree layout is that it has ability to depict the structural data in top-down approach. There is also an ability to show the data in left to right tree layout. The data that is structural in Graph Visualization are presented as a grid like structure. This helps to draw the image as a hierarchical manner that has less impact. The technical feature that lies behind the spanning tree layout is that all the nodes of the graph are used by spanning trees to get a view of the data properly. To visit the nodes of the graph by the process of BFS (Breadth First Search) and collecting all the edges of the graph for forming a tree is used for making a spanning tree. There also lies a technical feature in hyperbolic tree approach. The hyperbolic tree approach uses 3-D technology for showing the data as a tree layout. Not only 3-D technology is viewed by hyperbolic tree, also 2-D technology can be viewed by hyperbolic tree. Inter action in the mind is used in hyperbolic tree for representing the data. Pros and Cons of the approaches: The main benefit of traditional tree layout is the data which is visualized in intrinsic hierarchy is reflected by its help. To visualize the data in different layout, small size of graphs are made in traditional layout. The classical tree presentation layout also makes exploration of graphs easier with less hierarchical way. The main existing drawback of traditional tree layout approach is that the structure of the given data is difficult to recognize. Testing is required in traditional approach. Testing process includes examining several planetary o nodes which creates an issue in the traditional approach. In terms of aesthetic rules and also human cognition, the approach of traditional tree layout builds a problem. In terms of computation cost and space utilization it gives an advantage in its efficiency. The benefit of using spanning tree layout approach is that it uses less size structural data for Graph Visualization. All the nodes of the graph that are made from the real graph are used in the spanning tree. To bring different layout with different weight of same graph, different weight functions are used b y spanning trees. 3-D visualization is used in spanning tree approach. The disadvantage of spanning tree is that it creates a problem in graph visualizing. The problem is that the edges and nodes of a graph collude with one other in 3-D visualization setting. The conclusion that arises is that spanning tree approach of Graph Visualization gives an advantage to aesthetic rules, space utilization and computing cost, but it creates a disadvantage for human cognition. The advantage of layout of hyperbolic tree is that it helps to create the distorted view of image. Moreover, the images that are distorted help to view applications in real life mainly for large trees. The disadvantage of hyperbolic tree layout approach in Graph Visualization is that it is difficult to know the layout because it has very complex background and is mysterious. Space utilization is an advantage with hyperbolic tree approach, but it pays a disadvantage in other aspects such as human cognition, computing cost and aesthetic rules. Navigation techniques: Three types of navigation techniques are studied in this article. The techniques are zoom and pan technique, focus and context technique and the incremental exploration technique. The three techniques that are identified can be categorized by navigation techniques. From the review of the navigation techniques, the categorization can be done mainly in the context and focus technique. The reasons for making the categorization intact are that it helps to categorize all the techniques clearly. This article shows all the categorization better. The technique of zoom and pan help to navigate a given graph in semantic and geometric way. The technique of context and focus navigates the graph in clear context. In incremental navigation, images are displayed which makes this navigation as one of the most important navigation technique in Graph Visualization. Main technical features of navigation techniques: The technical feature that arises in zoom and pan navigation techniques is that by the process of semantic zooming and geometric zooming, large images can be explored. The screen contents in Zoom and pan technique is re-adjusted and the screen can also be adjusted. The technical problem with context and focus technique is that the technique of zoom and pan is more complimented in this technique which makes it more useful. The contents of web based are adjusted in the incremental technique which provides as the main technical feature. Pros and Cons of Navigation approaches: The benefit of zoom and pan technique is that by the process of semantic zooming and geometric zooming, large images can be explored in this technique. The geometric technique blows up content of the graph but the screen resolution is adjusted with semantic technique and gives a clear picture. The disadvantage of zoom and pan technique is that problem arises mainly in contextual loss of data and as well as usability. The images are changed totally and credible situations are created via real time response. The real time response, human cognition process and computational cost favor zoom and pan technique. In context and focus techniques, the advantage is that the focus+context techniques enhances the zoom+pan technique. Focus on objects which need more detailing in zoom+pan techniques are concerned in context and focus technique. The disadvantage of this technique is that it uses general curve to focus on objects which are not focused by standard graphic system. Real time response is an advantage and computational cost and human cognition is a disadvantage in this technique. The advantage of incremental navigation technique is that it allows the user to focus only on a single part of large graph and other parts can also be focused and zoomed when there is a need. The problem that arises in incremental navigation technique is that if the algorithm that is used for single frame is not same, problem such as saturation of image content arises. Conclusion: The review that is done from the article gives a clear view of Graph Visualization and their related issues. The navigation techniques of data visualization are described. To display structural data in image form, no other technique other than graph visualization is better. The four tree layouts of Graph Visualization are described and the tree layouts are further categorized. The advantage and the disadvantages of the tree layout and the navigations techniques are also reviewed from the article. References: Herman, I., Melanon, G. and Marshall, M.S., 2000. Graph visualization and navigation in information visualization: A survey.IEEE Transactions on visualization and computer graphics,6(1), pp.24-43.

Mrsa free essay sample

MRSA in the Community According to Mosby’s Medical, Nursing, and Allied Health Dictionary (2002), Methicillin-resistant staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), is a gram positive bacterial that is normally found on the skin and in the throat, and is a life threatening staphylococcal infection that may arise within hospitals, and â€Å"is frequently responsible for abscesses, endocarditis, impetigo, osteomyelitis, pneumonia, and septicemia. Treatment usually includes bed rest, analgesics, and an anti-microbial drug that is resistant to penicillinase, an enzyme secreted by many species of staphylococcus. This writer will discuss the history of MRSA, article reviewed, community described in article, means to address the problem, and ethical issues resulting from not addressing this issue. Furthermore, this writer will use Orem’s nursing model and theories to propose nursing intervention to address the community health concern. History of MRSA According to Stanhope and Lancaster, (2008), infectious diseases are the number one cause of death worldwide, and in the United States, infectious diseases account for 25% of all physician visits each year, organisms once susceptible to antibiotics are becoming increasingly drug resistant, and results in vulnerability to diseases thought no longer to be a threat. We will write a custom essay sample on Mrsa or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page According to an article published by USA Today, methicillin resistant staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) became evident after two decades of using penicillin, the germs began to change to resist the antibiotics, and by the 1990s, MRSA was common in hospitals and was spreading to our communities (p. 861). Furthermore, Stanhope and Lancaster advises that according to the Center for Disease Control (2002), â€Å"Community associated MRSA has caused outbreaks in several states and is now the target of a public health awareness campaign to prevent antimicrobial resistance

Marketing Profile of Gateway essays

Marketing Profile of Gateway essays Gateway, Inc., founded in 1985, started with two people working out of an Iowa farmhouse. Gateway, Inc. has grown rapidly since it went public 8 years after the company started. Today, Gateway is a 7.5 billion Fortune 250 company that has 19,000 people on its payroll and prides itself on building lifelong relationships with its customers. Gateway has risen to power based almost solely on its innovative marketing technique and by sticking to their original philosophy to keep it personal, make it simple. Gateway, Inc. tries very hard to portray themselves as a small hometown business. One of the many ways it does this is by using the spotted cow motif. Across the United States, the black spots on the white background will almost instantly be recognized as a Gateway product. Gateway also started the trend of creating personalized systems. Each system is personalized for each client, from the consumer to the large business customer. Uniquely, Gateway sells PCs without the merchandise, which in turn gives the consumer more options. Gateway advertises actively on all forms of media. Their television promotional campaigns seem largely focused towards the middle class family. Depicting each member of the family using the computer separately. They offer complete computer packages, with software and internet included for a reasonable price. Recently they have introduced the idea of being able to trade in your computer after a two-year period for the latest version. Global marketing is important to Gateway, they have active markets all over the globe and have opened manufacturing facilities in Ireland, Singapore, and Malaysia. In the US Gateway has focused on targeting Hispanics, the fastest growing group here. To attract this target audience, Gateway is running advertisements in Spanish, adding bilingual sales and technical staff, and offering computers equipped with Spanish software and keyboards. One of the main reasons Ga...

American Political Arena and Labor Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

American Political Arena and Labor - Term Paper Example There is no unity and consensus between the union leaders. The most panic event is while labor has played a major role in U.S. politics for at least 70 years, union workers are not united in their political choices. In "Race, God, and Guns: Union Voting in the 2004 Presidential Election," Donald Beachler explains that a substantial percentage of white union members vote for Republican candidates. 37% of voters in union households in 2000 and 40% in 2004 voted for Republican candidates. Again, 46.8% of white voters in union households voted for President Bush in 2004. From a practical point of view, due to some inherent beliefs and rituals like abortion, gay rights, gun control and prayer in school, many white workers prefer the Republican party and choose themselves to be turned as Republican. Again, once it was unimaginable in the south to think that any party except the Democratic party would win the majority or secure the mandate of the people. But, historically, after Democratic President Lyndon Johnson pushed through the Civil Rights Act and the Voting Rights Act in 1964-65, the Republican Party has had great success in becoming the party that most southern whites identify with. Democratic politicians have some inherent traits.  It is an established practice in America that No Democratic candidate can ever completely disavow unions, but Clinton's strategy was to distance himself from unions and to embrace the conservative economic policies of the Democratic Leadership Council in order to appeal to suburban white middle-class and upper-class voters. The Democratic leaders are also seen to be rigorously prone to social welfare and economic reforms rather to adopting strategies spoiling the force of the country's economy.  Ã‚  

Law Briefs Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Law Briefs - Essay Example rict Court had correctly dismissed the defendants’ counterclaim because the burden of proof of existence of a valid copyright rests with the copyright claimant, however the defendants did not provide any substantive support for their claim of copyright. Mr. Brown was also able to present documentation regarding the poems, their publication and musicalization. However the Court dismissed Brown’s motion for summary judgment on the basis that some material facts remained unresolved This case is important in that it has established that valid evidence must be provided to support a claim for copyright infringement before an infringement action can be allowed to proceed to a trial stage. It also raised the issue of expiry of copyright protection after a 50 year period, (currently raised to 70 years) after which period the musical, artistic or dramatic work reverts to the public domain. Copyrights, trademarks and patents differ in the level of protection they provide. For instance, copyright protection for a literary, dramatic or musical work may extend to seventy years while a patent on an industrial or commercial design may offer a short term 20 year period of exclusive monopoly over a product and a trademark will extend that monopoly only to a particular category of goods2. Patents and trademarks must be renewed each year. Title that is provided to the owner of a real property is permanent, however intellectual property protection is limited to a certain duration in the scope of its protection. The reason is that ownership to real property comprises rights on a specific piece of fixed property in a specific location, such as a building or land which is permanent. However, where a dramatic, musical or literary work is concerned, this comprises a work of art which should properly fall into the public domain and be available for humankind to enjoy, benefit from and further create and modify. Yet at the same time, every creator of an original work has a moral right

Student Teacher Essay Example for Free

Student Teacher Essay The relationship that a teacher and student share is of trust, respect and devotion. Teachers influence their students by shaping their rational and moral virtues and hence, play an important role in molding the society as a whole. The education system of ancient India and Greece shared some common characteristics. In both cultures, teachers and their disciples conglomerated at specific places earmarked for educational purposes. This is where students gained both spiritual and material education from their teachers. All ancient societies functioned according to a set of moral codes and social hierarchy and teachers were at the apex of the social system. During this time, teachers were revered and considered as equivalent to Gods. Students were completely devoted to their teachers and were willing to fulfill all the responsibilities, conferred upon them by their teachers, unflinchingly. One of the quintessential examples of student teacher relationship is that of Chanakya and Chandra-Gupta Maurya. With the passage of time however, the ancient tradition of conglomerating at educational places ceased to exist in its original form and was replaced by more modern practices of schools, colleges and universities. However, the respect paid to teachers is still the same. even in this modern era, teachers share a close emotional attachment with their students. The ancient history of education systems is rife with several examples of great student teacher relationships such as Socrates-Plato, Plato-Aristotle etc. It is beyond the scope of dubiety that teachers, since ages, have played a major role in the life of an individual and his/her overall upbringing. Teachers are the beacons of light that lead people to success and glory. They are the ones who recognize the talents of their students and encourage them to move further and assist them in reaching the zenith of their potential. Let us dedicate this Teachers day to all those teachers who, through their talent, patience, wisdom and astute judgment of character, shaped the fates of many individuals who influenced the society as a whole. Go through this section and understand the kind of relationship that many of the historys famous students and teachers shared. These great teachers and their students have influenced human philosophies and ideologies since ancient times. Read the kind of relationship these student-teacher duos shared. Certainly, it will be a great experience to learn about those great souls with an insight on how they influenced their students lives and the whole mankind. Plato The Wonderful Teacher Plato was a classical Greek philosopher and mathematician. He was a student of Socrates, the founder of the Academy in Athens and a well-known Greek scholar who is renowned for his philosophies. Plato, along with Socrates, played a vital role in laying foundations of Western philosophy and science. Plato was a highly sophisticated writer and his works demonstrate this. Though the exact place and time of his birth is unknown, it is certain that he belonged to an aristocratic family. According to most of the scholars, Plato was born between 429 and 423 BC. His father, Ariston, is believed to be a descendent of the king of Athens and the king of Messenia. Platos mother, Perictione, also belonged to an aristocratic family which boasted of close connections with the famous Athenian lawmaker and lyric poet, Solon. According to Diogenes Laà «rtius, biographer of Greek philosophers, Plato was named as Aristocles but, his wrestling trainer called him Platon, a Greek word meaning broad. Plato learned grammar, music and gymnastics from the most eminent teachers of his time. He travelled to many places like Italy, Sicily, egypt and Cyrene. He returned to his hometown Athens at the age of 40 after which he founded the Academy, one of the earliest known organized schools in Western civilization. There are various speculations related to Platos death. One version states that he died on his bed, while other states that he died during a marriage feast. Aristotle The Lofty Student Aristotle was a famous Greek philosopher whose expertise was not confined just to philosophy but, extended to various other subjects like physics, metaphysics, biology, zoology, music, theater, logic, linguistics, politics and government. He was rightly named Aristotle which literally means the best purpose. Aristotle was born to Nicomachus, who himself was a physician to King Amyntas of Macedon. Thus, Aristotle was born, brought up, and educated as a member of the aristocratic society. He attended Platos Academy at the age of eighteen and remained there for about twenty years. It is said that he left the academy after Platos death, disappointed with the decision of making Platos nephew, Speusippus, his successor at the Academy. By 335 BC, Aristotle established a new school, Lyceum and conducted courses for the next twelve years. Aristotle got married to Pythias and she died after some years of togetherness. He then married Herpyllis and had a son Nicomachus, who was named after Aristotles father. He studied almost every subject known at that time. He was so passionate about exploring new areas of knowledge that not only did he master many subjects, but also made many significant contributions to most of the domains. He is famous for his major contributions like theory of universals, classical elements, potentiality and actuality, causality, four causes, chances and spontaneity, observations on electric fish and catfish and writings on octopus, sepia and paper nautilus. Apply yourself both now and in the next life. Without effort, you cannot be prosperous. Though the land be good, you cannot have an abundant crop without cultivation. These golden words come from a person who is still revered for his great philosophies. Yes, Plato had a very practical outlook on life. He believed in human skills but insisted that people must put great effort and use their skills for the good of the entire mankind. Plato respected his teacher, the famous philosopher, Socrates very much and he propagated most of his teachers philosophy through his works. Many scholars consider Platos dialogues as the most comprehensive accounts of Socratess Philosophy. It would be great to learn about the life and contribution of this highly eminent teacher-student duo, especially, on such a wonderful day like Teachers Day. Read further to know about their life and the kind of relationship they shared. Socrates Socrates was a classical Greek Athenian Philosopher. He is revered as one of the founders of Western philosophy. Interestingly, he had not penned any philosophical works. His philosophies were propagated through the works of his students like Plato and Xenophon. The details of this great philosophers life can be found from three sources Platos and Xenophons dialogues and Aristophaness plays. Aristophanes, in his play, The Clouds, depicts Socrates as a clown who teaches his students to hoodwink their way out of the debt. Aristophaness works are famous for their parody style of presentation and hence, this characterization is also considered as parodic. According to Platos works, Socrates was born to Sophroniscus and his wife Phaenarete. Socrates married Xanthippe, who was much younger to him. The couple had three sons, Lamprocles, Sophroniscus and Menexenus. According to the ancient texts, Socrates did not work and hence, how he earned a living is still not clear. Though Aristophanes, The Clouds, Socrates is said to have accepted fees for teaching. However according to Plato and Xenophon, he never accepted any fees or remuneration. Socrates criticized democracy and claimed loyalty to his city and went against the normal course of Athenian politics and democracy. It is believed that his attempts to improve the Athenian sense of Justice was not accepted but was severely criticized and this could probably be the reason that he was sentenced to death. He was accused of corrupting the minds of the youth in Athens. He was asked to drink a mixture containing poison hemlock and was executed this way. Plato Plato, the classical Greek philosopher and mathematician, was a student of Socrates and the founder of the Academy in Athens. Socrates was popular for his philosophies. Plato was one of the most famous students of Socrates and he, along with Socrates, played a vital role in laying foundations of Western philosophy and science. Platos high sophistication of writing is evident in his works. There is no dependable source of information regarding the exact place and time of his birth but, it is certain that he belonged to an aristocratic family. However, depending on the most popular scholars, he was born between 429 and 423 BC to an aristocratic family. Ariston, Platos father, is believed to have been the son of the king of Athens and the king of Messenia. Platos mother, Perictione also belonged to an aristocratic family. He was not originally named as Plato but as Aristocles. He was called Plato for the first time by his wrestling trainer, who called him Platon, a Greek word which meaning broad. Plato was trained in various subjects like grammar, music and gymnastics from the most eminent teachers of his time. Plato travelled a lot. He had visited many places like Italy, Sicily, egypt and Cyrene. However, he returned to his hometown Athens and founded the Academy, one of the earliest known organized schools in Western civilization. The exact place and cause of death of this great philosopher is not clear, there are various speculations related to his death. According to one version, he died on his bed, while other states that he died during a marriage feast. The Teacher-Student Duo Socrates and Plato were very close to each other, and Plato was very much influenced by Socrates philosophies. Platos works have been considered as one of the major sources of Socrates philosophies. According to Platos work Apology of Socrates, he had mentioned that Socrates considered Plato as one of the youths close to him. Socrates, on his speech regarding his death sentence, asked the public that if he had corrupted the youth. And if so, why then Platos and any of the other youths fathers did not have any problem with him. However, Plato was not present at the prison on Socratess last day. According to historical sources, Plato was ill that day.

Traditional Health Care Practices in Africa Essay -- cure and prevent

Traditional healing refers to a set of practices passed down through generations which intend to cure and prevent disease. In short, traditional medicine is the practice of health care based on traditional philosophy and the use of traditional medicine. In Africa, it presents as a holistic health care strategy which relies on an accumulation of knowledge of herbs and remedies which include plants, insects, and parts of animals. Traditional African healing is intertwined with traditional religions and spirituality. In Africa, traditional healing is administered by two different types of practitioners: sangoma (also called ngoma)—spiritual healers and diviners— and inyanga—herbalists. Although Africa is a continent of diverse cultures and tribes, traditional healers such as these exist across continent, providing 80% of the care for the population. From this information, it is evident that traditional healing is a important practice in the experience of a modern Af rican. Inyanga and sangoma perform different functions, treating different types of ailments. Inyanga are usually consulted for problems that are a result of a natural misfortune, such as routine illness or injury. They will treat the ailment with a traditional remedy made from medicinal herbs or mixtures of animal parts. Although anyone who wishes to, may become and inyanga, approximately 90% are male. Generally, a man wishing to become an inyanga will apprentice himself to a practicing inyanga before opening his own shop. An inyanga may also provide preventative medicines as well as remedies meant to bring about good luck. Sangoma, on the other hand, treat the spiritual. When an unknown problem occurs, a sangoma is consulted to divine the source. Unlike inyanga, in or... ...journal 74, no. 8, 2007. Kale, Rajendra. "Traditional healers in South Africa: A parallel healthcare system," British Medical Journal, International edition. 310, no. 6988, 1995. Nelms, Linda W and Gorski, June. "The Role of the African Traditional Healer in Women's Health,† Journal of Transcultural Nursing : Official Journal of the Transcultural Nursing Society / Transcultural Nursing Society. 17, 2006. Hall, James. Sangoma: my odyssey into the spirit world of Africa New York: Putnam, 1994. Berends, Willem. "African Traditional Healing Practices and the Christian Community," Missiology 21, no. 3, 1993. Janzen, John M. "Self-Presentation and Common Cultural Structures in Ngoma Rituals of Southern Africa," Journal of Religion in Africa. 25, 1995. McCord, Margaret. The Calling of Katie Makanya: a memoir of South Africa. Cape Town: David Philip Publishers, 1995.

Ovarian Cysts During Pregnancy

Ovarian Cyst during Pregnancy What are ovarian cysts? Ovarian cysts are fluid-filled, sac-like structures within an ovary. The term cyst refers to a fluid-filled structure. Therefore, all ovarian cysts contain at least some fluid. What causes ovarian cysts? Ovarian cysts form for numerous reasons. The most common type is a follicular cyst, which results from the growth of a follicle. A follicle is the normal fluid-filled sac that contains an egg. Follicular cysts form when the follicle grows larger than normal during the menstrual cycle and does not open to release the egg. Usually, follicular cysts resolve on their own over the course of days to months. Cysts can contain blood (hemorrhagic or endometrioid cysts) from injury or leakage of tiny blood vessels into the egg sac. Occasionally, the tissues of the ovary develop abnormally to form other body tissues such as hair or teeth. Cysts with these abnormal tissues are called dermoid cysts. What symptoms are caused by ovarian cysts? Most cysts are never noticed and resolve without women ever realizing that they are there. When a cyst causes symptoms, pain in the belly or pelvis is by far the most common one. The pain can be caused from rupture of the cyst, rapid growth and stretching, bleeding into the cyst, or twisting of the cyst around its blood supply. How are ovarian cysts diagnosed? Most cysts are diagnosed by ultrasound, which is the best imaging technique for detecting ovarian cysts. Ultrasound is an imaging method that uses sound waves to produce an image of structures within the body. Ultrasound imaging is painless and causes no harm. Cysts can also be detected with other imaging methods, such as CAT scan or MRI scan (magnetic resonance imaging). How can the physician decide if an ovarian cyst is dangerous? If a woman is in her 40's, or younger, and has regular menstrual periods, most ovarian masses are â€Å"functioning ovarian cysts,† which are not really abnormal. They are related to the process of ovulation that happens with the menstrual cycle. They usually disappear on their own during a future menstrual cycle. Therefore, especially in women in their 20's and 30's, these cysts are watched for a few menstrual cycles to verify that they disappear. Because oral contraceptives work in part by preventing ovulation, physicians will not really expect women who are taking oral contraceptives to have common â€Å"functioning ovarian cysts. † Thus, women who develop ovarian cysts while taking oral contraceptives may be advised against simple observation; rather, they may receive closer monitoring with pelvic ultrasound or, less commonly, surgical exploration of the ovary. Other factors are helpful in evaluating ovarian cysts (besides the woman's age, or whether she is taking oral contraceptives). A cyst that looks like it's just one simple sac of fluid on the ultrasound is more likely to be benign, than a cyst with solid tissue in it. So the ultrasound appearance also plays a role in determining the level of suspicion regarding a serious ovarian growth. Ovarian cancer is rare in women younger than age 40. After age 40, an ovarian cyst has a higher chance of being cancerous than before age 40, although most ovarian cysts are benign even after age 40. CA-125 blood testing can be used as a marker of ovarian cancer, but it does not always represent cancer when it is abnormal. First, many benign conditions in women of childbearing age can cause the CA-125 level to be elevated, so CA-125 is not a specific test, especially in younger women. Pelvic infections, uterine fibroids, pregnancy, benign (hemorrhagic) ovarian cysts, and liver disease are all conditions that may elevate CA-125 in the absence of ovarian cancer. Second, even if the woman has an ovarian cancer, not all ovarian ca ncers will cause the CA-125 level to be elevated. Furthermore, CA-125 levels can be abnormally high in women with breast, lung, and pancreatic cancer. How are ovarian cysts treated? Most ovarian cysts in women of childbearing age are follicular cysts (functional cysts) that disappear naturally in 1-3 months. Although they can rupture (usually without ill effects), they rarely cause symptoms. They are benign and have no real medical consequence. They may be diagnosed coincidentally during a pelvic examination in women who do not have any related symptoms. All women have follicular cysts at some point that generally go unnoticed. A follicular cyst in a woman of childbearing age is usually observed for a few menstrual cycles because the cysts are common, and ovarian cancer is rare in this age group. Sometimes ovarian cysts in menstruating women contain some blood, called hemorrhagic cysts, which frequently resolve quickly. Ultrasound is used to determine the treatment strategy for ovarian cysts because if can help to determine if the cyst is a simple cyst (just fluid with no solid tissue, seen in benign conditions) or compound cyst (with some solid tissue that requires closer monitoring and possibly surgical resection). In summary, the ideal treatment of ovarian cysts depends on the woman's age, the size (and change of size) of the cyst, and the cyst's appearance on ultrasound. Treatment can consist of simple observation, or it can involve evaluating blood tests such as a CA-125 to help determine the potential for cancer (keeping in mind the many limitations of CA-125 testing described above). The tumor can be removed either with laparoscopy, or if needed, an open laparotomy (using and incision at the bikini line) if it is causing severe pain, not resolving, or if it is suspicious in any way. Once the cyst is removed, the growth is sent to a pathologist who examines the tissue under a microscope to make the final diagnosis as to the type of cyst present. Ovarian Cysts At A Glance Ovarian cysts are fluid-filled, sac-like structures. Ovarian cysts form for numerous reasons. When a cyst causes symptoms, pain in the belly or pelvis is by far the most common one. Most cysts are diagnosed by ultrasound. The treatment of ovarian cysts varies from observation and monitoring to surgical procedures. Case Study: Ovarian Cyst during Pregnancy I am 35 and 13 weeks into my second pregnancy. Four weeks ago, I went to the hospital for pain in my lower right quadrant. A sonogram showed a cyst on my right ovary, about 15cm. The doctor has had me in bed since then, and I have had two more sonograms. It hasn't gone down. The doctors seem to think it is fluid-filled and not cancerous. Can cysts really go down on their own? How long should I wait to see if it will go down? Have you heard of any cysts this large during pregnancy, and do they pose a danger to the baby? Cysts (fluid-filled structures) can go down on their own, but it is unlikely a 15cm cyst in pregnancy will do so. Cysts are not that uncommon during pregnancy, affecting about 1 in 1,000 pregnant women. The vast majority of ovarian masses found during pregnancy are benign; the incidence of ovarian cancer is 1 in 25,000 births. Ultrasound can be helpful in determining if a mass is benign or malignant, but it cannot do so with 100 percent certainty. If ultrasound shows that the mass is strictly fluid-filled, without septation or thick walls, it is probably benign. The problem with large, even benign, cysts during pregnancy is that they may rupture or torse (twist on themselves). Either of these events leads to significant pain for mom and the potential for miscarriage or preterm labor and delivery for the baby. Large (more than 6-8cm) cysts are usually removed surgically if they do not decrease in size spontaneously over the course of a few weeks. In pregnancy, the best time to operate is in the second trimester, ideally around 14-16 weeks. Occasionally, a cyst may be dealt with via laparoscopy, but very large cysts often require a large, open incision. A 15 cm cyst is rather big, and the potential for complications like rupture is high. If it has remained for more than two weeks, I suggest you talk to your doctor about your option. Your doctor may have been just watching you for now, until you get out of the first trimester (the first 13 weeks of pregnancy). I have removed several masses this size during pregnancy, and all of my patients went on to deliver normal, healthy babies.

Patient and Family Centered Care Thesis Essay - 2251 Words

PATIENT-CENTERED CARE IMPROVEMENT GUIDE I. INTRODUCTION â€Å"There is nothing more powerful than an idea whose time has come.† Victor Hugo PATIENT-CENTERED CARE: AN IDEA WHOSE TIME HAS COME O rganizing the delivery of health care around the needs of the patient may seem like a simple and obvious approach. In a system as complex as health care, however, little is simple. In fact, thirty years ago when the idea of â€Å"patient-centered care† first emerged as a return to the holistic roots of health care, it was swiftly dismissed by all but the most philosophically progressive providers as trivial, superficial, or unrealistic. Its defining characteristics of partnering with patients and families, of welcoming―even encouraging―their†¦show more content†¦Nevertheless, many organizations continue to struggle with what â€Å"it† is. This ambiguity ultimately leaves many with vague or muddled expectations for what constitutes patient-centered care. Is it a surprise, then, that many leaders report feeling bewildered at how to go about becoming more patient-centered? Or that others, convinced that their approach is indeed a patient-centered one , are surprised to find data reflecting patient and/or staff discontent? In the broadest terms, patient-centered care is care organized around the patient. It is a model in which providers partner with patients and families to identify and satisfy the full range of patient needs and preferences. Not to be overlooked in defining patient-centered care is its concurrent focus on staff. To succeed, a patient-centered approach must also address the staff experience, as staff’s ability and inclination to effectively care for patients is unquestionably compromised if they do not feel cared for themselves. Although patients may not always be able to accurately assess the clinical quality of their care, or whether safety processes are in place, patient safety and high clinical quality are fundamental to a patient-centered approach. Patient-centered care does not replace excellent medicine―it both complements clinical excellence and contributes to it through effective partnershi ps and communication. A wealth of resources exists to guide organizations in addressing clinicalShow MoreRelatedThe Cultural Competence Of Nursing1294 Words   |  6 Pagescompetent care to all persons regardless of race, age, and cultural belief. The term competent means having the ability, skill and knowledge to accomplish a task in a successful way (Hicks 2012). The increasing multicultural population in the United States of America introduces a challenge to nurses on providing cultural competent care to patients. This requires nurses to observe cultural differences in healthcare values and beliefs. 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